Suffix & Prefix কাকে বলে? বিস্তারিত
ইংরেজীতে ৮ প্রকার Parts of Speech এর মধ্যে চারটি base word এবং অপর চারটি subsidiary word. Root/Base word গুলো হল noun, adjective, verb ও adverb. আর subsidiary word এর কোণ পরিবর্তন করা যায় না। কিন্তু base word গুলোকে পরিবর্তন করে এক পদ হতে অন্য পদে রুপান্তরিত করা যায়। মূল শব্দের (root/base word) শুরুতে বা শেষে বর্ণ বা বর্ণ সমষ্টি যোগ করে পরিবর্তন করে যে সব নতুন শব্দ গঠন করা যায় তাকে Derivatives বলে। Derivatives দুই প্রকার। যেমন-
- Suffix
- Prefix
Suffix: Suffix হল এক বা একাধিক অক্ষর বা কোন শব্দের শেষে যোগ হয়ে নতুন শব্দ গঠন করে।
যেমন good শব্দের শেষে ness যোগ হয়ে goodness গঠিত হয়।
Prefix: Prefix হল এক বা একাধিক অক্ষর বা কোন শব্দের পূর্বে যোগ হয়ে নতুন শব্দ গঠন করে।
যেমন good শব্দের শেষে ness যোগ হয়ে goodness গঠিত হয়।
“A suffix (also called ending) is an affix that is placed after the stem of a word.” – Wikipedia
Example: Read Reader
এখানে ‘read’ একটি stem যার ভিন্ন একটি অর্থ এবং বাক্যে ভিন্ন grammatical function রয়েছে কিন্তু affix ‘er’ যোগ করাতে stem টির অর্থ এবং grammatical function উভয়ই পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে। Example: Reading Readable, Creator Creation
Note: একটি suffix একটি root word/stem কে একটি noun, verb, adverb, অথবা adjective এ রুপান্তর করতে পারে। Suffix সাধারণত adjective এর degree পরিবর্তন এবং verb এর tense এর পরিবর্তনের ক্ষেত্রেও ব্যবহার করা হয়ে থাকে।
Suffixes
Verb to Noun
Verb এর শেষে ‘r’ suffix যোগ করে Noun গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Believe | Believer | Advise | Adviser |
| Drive | Driver | Dance | Dancer |
| Fertilize | Fertilizer | Divide | Divider |
| Give | Giver | Examine | Examiner |
| Joke | Joker | Lecture | Lecturer |
| Organize | Organizer | Observe | Observer |
| Produce | Producer | Receive | Receiver |
| Recite | Reciter | Rule | Ruler |
| Ride | Rider | Trade | Trader |
| Save | Saver | Treasure | Treasurer |
| Serve | Server | Write | Writer |
| Adventure | Adventurer |
Verb এর শেষে ‘or’ suffix যোগ করে Noun গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Edit | Editor | Collect | Collector |
| Invest | Investor | Conquer | Conqueror |
| Possess | Possessor | Contract | Contractor |
| Visit | Visitor | Inspect | Inspector |
| Protect | Protector | Oppress | Oppressor |
| Act | Actor | Suppress | Suppressor |
Verb এর শেষে ‘e’ থাকলে ‘e’ বাদ দিয়ে ‘or’ suffix যোগ করে Noun গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Calculate | Calculator | Distribute | Distributor |
| Decorate | Decorator | Compete | Competitor |
| Narrate | Narrator | Create | Creator |
| Translate | Translator | Cultivate | Cultivator |
Verb এর শেষে ‘er’ suffix যোগ করে Noun গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Betray | Betrayer | Cricket | Cricketer |
| Box | Boxer | Design | Designer |
| Climb | Climber | Export | Exporter |
| Cool | Cooler | Find | Finder |
| Discover | Discoverer | Follow | Follower |
| Dream | Dreamer | Help | Helper |
| Farm | Farmer | Import | importer |
| Heat | Heater | Inform | Informer |
| Hunt | Hunter | Learn | Learner |
| Kill | Killer | Murder | Murderer |
Verb এর শেষে ‘y’ থাকলে ‘y’ বাদ দিয়ে ‘ier’ suffix যোগ করে Noun গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Purity | Purifier | Justify | Justifier |
| Rectify | Rectifier | Qualify | Qualifier |
Verb এর শেষে ‘se’ থাকলে ‘e’ বাদ দিয়ে ‘ion’ suffix যোগ করে Noun গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Televise | Television | Revise | Revision |
| Confuse | Confusion | Supervise | Supervision |
Verb এর শেষে ‘it’ থাকলে ‘it’ বাদ দিয়ে ‘ssion’ suffix যোগ করে Noun গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Admit | Admission | Permit | Permission |
| Readmit | Readmission | Remit | Remission |
‘ness’ suffix যোগ করে Noun গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Sharp | Sharpness | Dark | Darkness |
| Happy | Happiness | Kind | Kindness |
‘hood’ suffix যোগ করে Noun গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Boy | Boyhood | Brother | Brotherhood |
| Child | Childhood | Mother | Motherhood |
‘ity, ty’ suffix যোগ করে Noun গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Able | Ability | Cruel | Cruelty |
| Real | Reality | Safe | Safety |
‘dom’ suffix যোগ করে Noun গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| King | Kingdom | Free | Freedom |
| Wish | Wisdom |
Verb এর শেষে ‘ate’ থাকলে ‘ate’ বাদ দিয়ে ‘tion’ suffix যোগ করে Noun গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Calculate | Calculation | Associate | Association |
| Celebrate | Celebration | Congratulate | Congratulation |
| Confirm | Confirmation | Co-operate | Co-operation |
| Irrigate | Irrigation | Cultivate | Cultivation |
| Decorate | Decoration | Educate | Education |
Verb to Adjective
Verb এর শেষে ‘e’ থাকলে ‘e’ বাদ দিয়ে ‘able’ suffix যোগ করে Adjective গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Believe | Believable | Argue | Arguable |
| Imagine | Imaginable | Forgive | Forgivable |
| Move | Movable | Observe | Observable |
| Solve | Solvable | Remove | Removable |
Verb এর শেষে শুধু ‘ful’ suffix যোগ করে Adjective গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Help | Helpful | Law | Lawful |
| Use | Useful | Respect | Respectful |
| Play | Playful | Hope | Hopeful |
| Wonder | Wonderful | Power | Powerful |
| Joy | Joyful | Harm | Harmful |
| Color | Colorful | Faith | Faithful |
| Doubt | Doubtful | Beauty | Beautiful |
Word এর শেষে শুধু ‘ly’ suffix যোগ করে Adjective গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Quiet | Quietly | Live | Lively |
| Mild | Mildly | Ultimate | Ultimately |
| Soft | Softly | Brave | Bravely |
| Sad | Sadly | Cruel | Cruelly |
| Glad | Gladly | Clever | Cleverly |
| Blind | Blindly | Certain | Certainly |
| Free | Freely | Clear | Clearly |
| Quick | Quickly | Correct | Correctly |
| Slow | Slowly | Deep | Deeply |
| Swift | Swiftly | Great | Greatly |
| High | Highly | Loud | Loudly |
Word এর শেষে শুধু ‘y’ suffix যোগ করে Adjective গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Greed | Greedy | Health | Healthy |
| Sun | Sunny | Need | Needy |
Word এর শেষে শুধু ‘en’ suffix যোগ করে Verb গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Black | Blacken | White | Whiten |
| Broad | Broaden | Deep | Deepen |
| Bright | Brighten | Red | Redden |
| Haste | Hasten | Height | Heighten |
| Thick | Thicken | Weak | Weaken |
| Tight | Tighten | Light | Lighten |
| Sharp | Sharpen | Length | Lengthen |
| Soft | Soften | Hard | Harden |
| Wide | Widen | Loose | Loosen |
| Fright | Frighten | Tough | Toughen |
| Mad | Madden | Sweet | Sweeten |
Word এর শেষে শুধু ‘fy’ suffix যোগ করে Verb গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Air | Airify | Just | Justify |
| Beauty | Beatify | Horror | Horrify |
| Vary | Verify | Peace | Pacify |
| Sign | Signify | Right | Rectify |
| Class | Classify | Terror | Terrify |
| Electric | Electrify | Example | Exemplify |
| Clear | Clarify | Glory | Glorify |
Word এর শেষে শুধু ‘ise’ suffix যোগ করে Verb গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Civil | Civilise | National | Nationalise |
| Special | Specialise | Industrial | Industrialise |
| Popular | Popularise | Memory | Memorise |
| Local | Localise | Agony | Agonise |
| Normal | Normalise | Apology | Apologise |
| Visual | Visualise | Sympathy | Sympathise |
Verb এর শেষে শুধু ‘ment’ suffix যোগ করে Verb গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Achieve | Achievement | Punish | Punishment |
| Advance | Advancement | Retire | Retirement |
| Amaze | Amazement | State | Statement |
| Amuse | Amusement | Agree | Agreement |
| Appoint | Appointment | Announce | Announcement |
| Argue | Argument | Arrange | Arrangement |
Word এর শেষে শুধু ‘ise’ suffix যোগ করে Adverb গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Quiet | Quietly | Live | Lively |
| Mild | Mildly | Ultimate | Ultimately |
| Soft | Softly | Brave | Bravely |
| Sad | Sadly | Cruel | Cruelly |
| Glad | Gladly | Clever | Cleverly |
| Blind | Blindly | Certain | Certainly |
| Free | Freely | Clear | Clearly |
| Quick | Quickly | Correct | Correctly |
| Slow | Slowly | Deep | Deeply |
| Swift | Swiftly | Great | Greatly |
| High | Highly | Loud | Loudly |
Word এর শেষে শুধু ‘ise’ suffix যোগ করে Adverb গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Quiet | Quietly | Live | Lively |
| Mild | Mildly | Ultimate | Ultimately |
| Soft | Softly | Brave | Bravely |
| Sad | Sadly | Cruel | Cruelly |
| Glad | Gladly | Clever | Cleverly |
| Blind | Blindly | Certain | Certainly |
| Free | Freely | Clear | Clearly |
| Quick | Quickly | Correct | Correctly |
| Slow | Slowly | Deep | Deeply |
| Swift | Swiftly | Great | Greatly |
| High | Highly | Loud | Loudly |
Prefix
‘Dis’ Prefix যোগ করে Verb, Noun, Adjective গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Connect | Disconnect | Satisfaction | Dissatisfaction |
| Continue | Discontinue | Satisfied | Dissatisfied |
| Courage | Discourage | Similar | Dissimilar |
| Credit | Discredit | Comfort | Discomfort |
| Favor | Disfavor | Connected | Disconnected |
| Grace | Disgrace | Honest | Dishonest |
| Honorable | Dishonorable | Like | Dislike |
| Loyal | Disloyal | Pleasure | Displeasure |
| Obedient | Disobedient | Oblige | Disoblige |
| Qualification | Disqualification | Qualify | Regard |
| Respect | Disrespect | Union | Disunion |
‘En’ Prefix যোগ করে Verb গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Able | Enable | Close | Enclose |
| Counter | Encounter | Courage | Encourage |
| Dear | Endear | Danger | Endanger |
| Lighten | Enlighten | Joy | Enjoy |
| Noble | Ennoble | Large | Enlarge |
| Rich | Enrich | List | Enlist |
| Circle | Encircle | Sure | Ensure |
‘IL’ Prefix যোগ করে Noun, Adjective গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Legal | Illegal | Legitimate | Illegitimate |
| Literacy | Illiteracy | Literate | Illiterate |
| Legality | Illegality |
‘IM’ Prefix যোগ করে Noun, Adjective গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Modest | Immodest | Provable | Improvable |
| Moral | Immoral | Pure | Impure |
| Mortal | Immortal | Modesty | Immodesty |
| Partial | Impartial | Patient | Impatient |
| Patience | Impatience | Pious | Impious |
| Perfect | Imperfect | Polite | Impolite |
| Proper | Improper | Purity | Impurity |
‘IN’ Prefix যোগ করে Noun, Adjective গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Ability | Inability | Sincerity | Insincerity |
| Accuracy | Inaccuracy | Sufficient | Insufficient |
| Active | Inactive | Action | Inaction |
| Appropriate | Inappropriate | Capable | Incapable |
| Attentive | Inattentive | Activity | Inactivity |
| Competent | Incompetent | Capable | Incapable |
| Decent | Indecent | Complete | Incomplete |
‘IR’ Prefix যোগ করে Noun, Adjective গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Rational | Irrational | Regular | Irregular |
| Regularity | Irregularity | Relevant | Irrelevant |
| Relevancy | Irrelevancy | Religious | Irreligious |
| Responsible | Irresponsible | Reparable | Irreparable |
‘UN’ Prefix যোগ করে Verb, Noun, Adjective গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Able | Unable | Avoidable | Unavoidable |
| Aware | Unaware | Believable | Unbelievable |
| Broken | Unbroken | Certainly | Uncertainly |
| Certain | Uncertain | Challenged | unchallenged |
| Comfortable | Uncomfortable | Comfortable | Uncomfortable |
| Conscious | Unconscious | Decided | Undecided |
| Democratic | Undemocratic | Cover | Uncover |
| Common | Uncommon | Bearable | Unbearable |
‘MIS’ Prefix যোগ করে Verb, Noun, Adjective গঠন
| Root/Base Word | New Word | Root/Base Word | New Word |
| Behaved | Misbehaved | Deed | Misdeed |
| Guide | Misguide | Behavior | Misbehavior |
| Conduct | Misconduct | Take | Mistake |
| Spell | Misspell | Understanding | Misunderstanding |

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