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Changing Narration

Posted By: Gazi Sadek | Posted On: May 17, 2020 | Posted In: Changing Narration, SSC | No Comment
  • Narration কাকে বলে? কত প্রকার ও কি কি?

    একজন বক্তার বক্তব্য ব্যক্ত করার উপায়কে narration বলে।

    The way of reporting the speech of a speaker is called narration. 

    একজন বক্তার বক্তব্য প্রধাণত: দুই উপায়ে ব্যক্ত হয়ে থাকে:

    • Direct Speech
    • Indirect Speech (Sometimes called Reported Speech)

    Direct Speech:

    Direct speech হল বক্তার দ্বারা বলা হুবহু বক্তব্য যা quotation mark বা উদ্ধৃতি চিহ্নের মধ্যে থাকে।

    Direct speech is the exact speech said by the speaker which is put within quotation marks.

    Example:

    • He said to his friend, “I like sweets very much.”

    Direct speech এর মধ্যে দুটি অংশ থাকে:

    • Reporting Speech and
    • Reported Speech

    একটি comma (,) এবং দুটি inverted comma (““) এই অংশ দুটিকে একে অপর থেকে পৃথক করে।

    I. Reporting Speech:

    Reporting speech হল inverted comma-র বাইরের অংশ অর্থাৎ comma-র আগের অংশ। এখানে দুটি পক্ষ জড়িত থাকে, বক্তা এবং সে যাকে বলছে।

    উপরের উদাহরণে, He said to his friend, হল reporting speech.

    Reporting speech is the part which is outside the inverted commas, i.e., the part before the comma. It involves two parties the reporter and to whom s/he is reporting.

    II. Reported Speech:

    Reported Speech হল inverted comma-র মধ্যেকার অংশ।

    Reported Speech is the part which is within the inverted commas.

    উপরের উদাহরণে, “I like sweets very much.”-হল reported speech।

    Indirect Speech:

    Indirect speech, যা reported speech নামেও পরিচিত, তা হল বক্তার বক্তব্যের সারাংশ যা অন্য কেউ ব্যক্ত করে।

    Indirect speech, also known as reported speech, is the substance of the speaker’s speech given by someone else.

    Example:

    ধরুন উপরের উদাহরণের indirect speech।

    • He told his friend that he liked sweets very much.

    Indirect speech or reported speech-এ নিম্নোক্ত বিষয়গুলো লক্ষ করা যায়:

    • কোন inverted comma ব্যবহৃত হয়না, reporting speech এবং reported speech একে অপরের সাথে conjunction যেমন: ‘that’, ‘if’, or ‘whether’ প্রভৃতি দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে।
      No inverted commas are used, reporting speech and reported speech are joined with each other by conjunctions like ‘that’, ‘if’, or ‘whether’ etc.
    • Reporting speech এবং reported speech এর মাঝে কোন comma থাকেনা। 
      Reporting speech and reported speech have no comma between them.
    • Full stop বা Period sign ব্যবহৃত হয় প্রশ্নবোধক বা বিস্ময়বোধক চিহ্নের পরিবর্তে।
    • Reporting speech-এর tense আগের মতই থাকবে।
      The tense of reporting speech is the same as before.
    • Interrogative, exclamatory, operative এবং imperative sentence-কে assertive sentence-এ পরিণত করা হয়।
      Interrogative, exclamatory, operative and imperative sentences are converted to the assertive sentence.
    • Reported speech-এর tense, reporting speech-এর tense-কে অনুসরণ করে।
      Tense of reported speech follows the tense of reporting speech.
    • Reporting verb, reported speech অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়। উপরের উদাহরণে, told একটি reporting verb এবং liked একটি reported verb। Sentence-এর ধরন অনুযায়ী বিভিন্ন ধরনের reporting verb ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন: asked, offered, promised প্রভৃতি।
      Reporting verb is changed according to the reported speech. In the above example, told is a reporting verb and liked is a reported verb. Different reporting verbs are used on the basis of the type of sentence. Such as, asked, offered, promised, etc.
    • Reported speech-এর pronoun SON নামের একটি নিয়মে পরিবর্তিত হয়, যেখানে, S=Subject, O=Object এবং N=No change। এই নিয়ম অনুযায়ী, first person, reporting verb-এর subject হিসেবে পরিবর্তিত হয়; second person, reporting verb-এর object হিসেবে পরিবর্তিত হয় এবং third person-এর ক্ষেত্রে কোন পরিবর্তন হয়না।
      The pronoun of reported speech is changed according to a rule called SON where, S=Subject, O=Object and N=No change. According to this rule, the first person is changed to the subject of reporting verb; the second person is changed to the object of reporting verb, and in case of the third person, there is no change.
    • Direct speech-এর adverb-গুলোর পরিবর্তন করা হয়।
      The adverbs of the direct speech are changed.

    Passage narration লেখার সময় কিছু নির্দিষ্ট নিয়ম অনুসরণ করা হয়। সব নিয়মগুলো নিচে উদাহরণসহ বর্ণিত হল:

    Some certain rules are followed while writing passage narration. All the rules are discussed with examples below:

    Rule 1:

    Description   Example

    প্রথমে, সম্পূর্ণ passage টি পড়ে বক্তা এবং শ্রোতাকে চিহ্নিত করতে হবে। তারপর তাদের উক্তিগুলোর ক্রিয়ার ধরন বুঝতে হবে।

    • “Will you come with me?”, said Pria to Ria. “I will come.” Said Ria. (Direct)
    • Pria asked Ria if she would come with her. Ria replied that she would come. (Indirect)

    Rule 2:

    Description   Example

    যখন reporting verb sentence-এর মাঝে বা শেষে থাকে তবে একে Indirect করতে তাকে sentence-এর শুরুতে subject-এর পরে বসাতে হবে।

    • “Where do you live?”, said Tina. “I live at Dhanmondi.”, said Rina. (Direct)
    • Tina asked Rina where she lived. Rina replied that she lived at Dhanmondi. (Indirect)

    Rule 3:

    Description   Example

    Passage-এ যদি বক্তা একের অধিক উক্তি ব্যবহার করে তবে প্রথম উক্তি উল্লেখ করার পর, পরবর্তী উক্তিগুলো উল্লেখ করার সময় নিম্নোক্ত নিয়মগুলো অনুসরণ করা হয়:

    i. Assertive sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে: also said/again said, added/further added, প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করা হয়।

    In case of Assertive sentences: also said/again said, added/further added, etc. are used.

    ii. Interrogative sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে: also asked/again asked/ further asked, প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করা হয়।

    In case of Interrogative sentences: also asked/again asked/ further asked, etc. are used.

    iii. Imperative sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে: and ordered to/ and requested, প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করা হয়।

    In case of Imperative sentences: and ordered to/ and requested, etc. are used.

    iv. Optative sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে: and wished/and prayed that, প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করা হয়।

    In case of Optative sentences: and wished/and prayed that, etc. are used.

    v. Exclamatory sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে: and exclaimed with happiness/ joy that/in grief that, প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করা হয়।

    In case of Exclamatory sentences: and exclaimed with happiness/ joy that/in grief that, etc. are used.

    • “I will help you to solve this problem. I am responsible for it.” The boy said. “Why did you do it? Do you have time for it? You are leaving Dhaka this evening.” I said. (Direct)
    • The boy told me that he would solve this problem. He added that he was responsible for it. I asked him the reason for doing it. I also asked if he had time for it. I added that he was leaving Dhaka that evening. (Indirect)

    Rule 4:

    Description   Example

    যদি reported speech-এ শুধু “Yes”থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the affirmative বা Subject+ Auxilliary Verb ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং reported speech-এ “Yes”-এর পর আরও বক্তব্য থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the affirmative and said that ব্যবহৃত হয়।

    • I said to him, “Have you done the math?”. “Yes. I have also done another one.” He said. (Direct)
    • I asked him if he had done the math. He replied in the affirmative. Or, he said that he had. And he said that he had also done another one. (Indirect)

    Rule 5:

    Description   Example

    যদি reported speech-এ শুধু “No” থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the negative বা Subject+ Auxilliary Verb+ not ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং reported speech-এ “No” এর পর আরও বক্তব্য থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the negative and said that ব্যবহৃত হয়।

    • I said to him, “Have you done the math?”. “No. I will do it later.” He said. (Direct)
    • I asked him if he had done the math. He replied in the negative. Or, he said that he had not. And he said that he would do it later. (Indirect)

    Rule 6:

    Description   Example

    যখন direct speech-এ “Sir” থাকে, indirect speech “Sir” এর পরিবর্তে with respect/respectfully/ politely ব্যবহার করবে।

    • The student said to the teacher,” Sir, will you teach me the math?” (Direct)
    • The student asked the teacher respectfully if he would teach him the math. / The student respectfully asked the teacher if he would teach him the math. (Indirect)

    Rule 7:

    Description   Example

    যদি direct speech-এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করা হয় তবে indirect speech-এ addressing as ব্যবহৃত হয়।

    • “Are you okay, Tonni?” said Piu. (Direct)
    • Addressing as Tonni, Piu asked if she was okay. (Indirect)

    Rule 8:

    Description   Example

    যদি inverted comma-র বাইরে reporting speech-এ “ask” থাকে, তবে তা indirect speech-এ subject-এর পরে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

    • “Are you coming?” asked Rina looking at me. “You may join me when I ” Rina said. (Direct)
    • Looking at me, Rina asked If I was going. She suggested me to join her when she would go. (Indirect)

    Rule 9:

    Description   Example

    যখন reported speech-এ একটি assertive sentence-এর পর note of interrogation (?) থাকে, indirect speech-এ reporting verb-এর আগে “being surprised” ব্যবহার করা হয়।

    • He said to me, “You did it?” (Direct)
    • Being surprised he asked me if I had done it. (Indirect)

    Rule 10:

    Description   Example

    যখন reported speech-এ “Thank” থাকে, তখন indirect speech, reported verb’s subject+ thanked+ reported verb’s object ব্যবহার করে।

    • Karim said to me, “Thank you.” (Direct)
    • Karim thanked me. (Indirect)

    Rule 11:

    Description   Example

    যদি reported speech-এ “Goodbye” থাকে তবে indirect speech, reported verb’s subject+ bade+ reported verb’s object+ goodbye ব্যবহার করবে।

    • She said Lira, “Goodbye.” (Direct)
    • She bade Lira goodbye. (Indirect)

    Rule 12:

    Description   Example

    যদি reported speech-এ good night/good morning/ good evening থাকে তবে indirect speech, reported verb’s subject+ wished+ reported verb’s object+ good night/good morning/ good evening ব্যবহার করবে।

    • He said to her, “Good evening.” (Direct)
    • He wished her good evening. (Indirect)

    Rule 13:

    Description   Example

    কোন কোনসময় reported speech-এ সম্পূর্ণ sentence থাকেনা, সেসব ক্ষেত্রে আপনাকে indirect speech-এ বক্তার বক্তব্য অনুসরণ করে পূর্ণাঙ্গ অর্থ খুঁজে নিতে হবে।

    • “Thirty taka” The salesman said to me. (Direct)
    • The salesman told me it had been thirty taka (Indirect)

    Rule 14:

    Description   Example

    প্রায়ই reported speech-এ বক্তা ও শ্রোতার উল্লেখ থাকে না, এসব ক্ষেত্রে আপনাকে একে indirect speech-এ রূপান্তরিত করতে বক্তার ক্ষেত্রে the speaker এবং শ্রোতার ক্ষেত্রে the listener উল্লেখ করতে হবে।

    • “What are you doing now?” “I am writing an article.” (Direct)
    • The speaker asked the listener what he was doing then. The listener replied that s/he was writing an article. (Indirect)

    Rule 15:

    Description   Example

    যদি reported speech-এ asked/ cried/replied/muttered থাকে তবে indirect speech-এ reporting verb-এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবেনা।

    • “Help me.” He cried. (Direct)
    • He cried to help him. (Indirect)

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