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Voice Change

Posted By: Gazi Sadek | Posted On: May 13, 2020 | Posted In: Voice Change | No Comment
  • What is voice?

    Verb এর রূপ (Form) তার Subject সক্রিয় (Active) না নিষ্ক্রিয় (Passive) তা নির্দেশ করে তাকে Voice বা বাচ্য বলে।  

    Voice is the form of the verb in the sentence that shows whether the subject acts or is acted upon. 

    নিচের বাক্য ২ টি লক্ষ্য করিঃ

    I eat rice

    Rice is eaten by me.

    এবার ওপরের বাক্য ২ টি খেয়াল করি যেখানে প্রথম বাক্যে verb হল eat আর দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে is eaten যেখানে প্রথম বাক্যে I হল Subject আর ২য় বাক্যে Rice হল Subject. 

    Types of Voices:

    There are two types of Voices

    1. Active Voice
    2. Passive Voice

    Active Voice:

    যে Voice দ্বারা বা  verb এর যে রূপ দ্বারা subject নিজে কাজ সম্পন্ন করে এরুপ বুজায় তাকে Active Voice বলে। 

    যেমনঃ I eat rice. 

    Passive Voice:

    অন্যদিকে, Sentence এর subject যখন নিষ্ক্রিয় থাকে এবং অন্নের কাজ তার ওপর আরপ করা হয়, তখন verb এর Pasive Voice হয়।

    যেমনঃ Rice is eaten by me. 

    Transformation of Active Voice into Passive Voice: 

    আমরা চেষ্টা করব একটা সহজ পদ্ধতিতে Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ রুপান্তর করা শিখতে। 

    Active Voice: I eat a mango.  যেখানে I হল Subject, eat হল Verb আর a mango হল object. 

    Passive Voice: A mango is eaten by me.  যেখানে a mango হল Subject, is eaten হল Verb আর by me হল object. 

    Pronoun এর Subjective & Objective রূপঃ 

    Subjective Case (Active Voice এর Subject) Objective Case (Passive Voice এর Object) 
    I me
    we us
    you you 
    she  her
    he him
    they them
    it it

    Note: Active Voice এর Object এসে Passive Voice এর Subject এ পরিণত হয় কিন্তু যদি Active Voice এর object না থাকে অর্থাৎ verb টি হয় Intransitive, তাহলে তার passive voice হয় ন। 

    যেমনঃ She dances. 

    এখানে object নেই তাই এর passive voice সম্ভব না। 

    Active Voice-কে Passive Voice করার নিয়মগুলোঃ

    Rule 1: General Rule

    Passive Structure: Object’s subject+ am/is/are+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object

    Description   Example
    Passive voice-এর object active voice-এর subject-এ রূপান্তরিত হয়। Passive voice-এর subject Active voice-এর object-এ রূপান্তরিত হয়। Subject এবং tense অনুসারে main verb বা এর past/ future রূপ ব্যবহার করা হয় verb-এর past participle-এর পরিবর্তে; auxiliary verb/ be verb এবং by উঠিয়ে দেয়া হয়।

    Passive: The designs are prepared by him. 

    Active: He prepares the designs.

    Active: They play football.

    Passive: Football is played by them. 

     

    Rule 2: Present Indefinite Tense-এর ক্ষেত্রে

    Passive Structure: Object’s subject+ am/is/are+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object

    Description   Example
    Subject-এর object+ am/is/are বাদ+ past participle-এর পরিবর্তে subject অনুযায়ী মূল verb+ by বাদ+ Object-এর subject.
    • She praises me. (Active)
    • I am praised by her. (Passive)
    • I praise her. (Active)
    • She is praised by me. (Passive)

    Rule 3: Past Indefinite Tense-এর ক্ষেত্রে

    Passive Structure: Object’s subject+ was/were+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object

    Description   Example
    Subject-এর object+ was/were বাদ+ past participle-এর পরিবর্তে subject অনুযায়ী মূল verb-এর past form + by বাদ+ Object-এর subject.
    • She praised me. (Active)
    • I was praised by her. (Passive)
    • She praised them. (Active)
    • They were praised by her. (Passive)

    Rule 4: Future Indefinite Tense-এর ক্ষেত্রে

    Passive Structure: Object’s subject+ shall be/will be+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object

    Description   Example
    Subject-এর object+ was/were বাদ+ past participle-এর পরিবর্তে subject অনুযায়ী মূল verb-এর past form + by বাদ+ Object-এর subject.
    • She praised me. (Active)
    • I was praised by her. (Passive)
    • She praised them. (Active)
    • They were praised by her. (Passive)

    Rule 5: Present Continuous Tense -এর ক্ষেত্রে

    Passive Structure: Object’s subject+ shall be/will be+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object

    Description   Example
    Subject-এর object+ am/is/are+ being বাদ+ মূল verb+ ing + by বাদ+ Object-এর subject. 
    • She is praising me. (Active)
    • I am being praised by her. (Passive)
    • She is praising him. (Active)
    • He is being praised by her. (Passive)
    • She is praising them. (Active)
    • They are being praised by her. (Passive)

    Rule 6: Past Continuous Tense -এর ক্ষেত্রে

    Passive Structure: Object’s subject+ was being/ were being+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object

    Description   Example
    Subject-এর object+ was/were+ being বাদ + মূল verb+ ing + by বাদ+ Object-এর subject. 
    • She was praising me. (Active)
    • I was being praised by her. (Passive)
    • She was praising them. (Active)
    • They were being praised by her. (Passive)

    Rule 7: Future Continuous Tense -এর ক্ষেত্রে

    Passive Structure: Object’s subject+ has been/ have been+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object

    Description   Example
    Subject-এর object+ shall/will + being বাদ+ মূল verb+ ing + by বাদ+ Object-এর subject
    • She will be praising me. (Active)
    • I shall be being praised by her. (Passive)
    • She will be praising them. (Active)
    • They will be being praised by her. (Passive)

    Rule 8: Present Perfect Tense -এর ক্ষেত্রে

    Passive Structure: Object’s subject+ has been/ have been+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object

    Description   Example
    Subject-এর object+ has/have+ been বাদ+ Verb-এর past participle+ by বাদ+ Object-এর subject
    • She has praised him. (Active)
    • He has been praised by her. (Passive)
    • She has praised me. (Active)
    • I have been praised by her. (Passive)

    Rule 9: Past Perfect Tense -এর ক্ষেত্রে

    Passive Structure: Object’s subject+ had been+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object

    Description   Example
    Subject-এর object+ had+ been বাদ+ Verb-এর past participle+ by বাদ+ Object-এর subject
    • She had praised me. (Active)
    • I had been praised by her. (Passive)
    • She had supported me. (Active)
    • I had been supported by her. (Passive)

    Rule 10: Future Perfect Tense -এর ক্ষেত্রে

    Passive Structure: Object’s subject+ shall have been/ will have been+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object

    Description   Example
    Subject-এর object+ shall have /will have + been বাদ+ Verb-এর past participle+ by বাদ+ Object-এর subject
    • She will have praised me. (Active)
    • I shall have been praised by her. (Passive)
    • She will have praised him. (Active)
    • He will have been praised by her. (Passive)

    Rule 11: Interrogative Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে

    Passive Structure: 

    Description   Example
    a. Interrogative Sentence-কে Assertive Sentence-এ রূপান্তরিত করা হয়+ পরিবর্তিত Assertive sentence-কে passive form-এ নেয়া হয়+ পরিবর্তিত passive voice-এর auxiliary verb-কে sentence-এর শুরুতে বসান হয়+ Object-এর subject+ ……..+ by+ Subject-এর object+ প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (Tense অনুসারে করা হয়)।
    • Have you written the article? (Active)
    • You have written the article. (Assertive)
    • The article has been written by you. (Passive of Assertive)
    • Has the article been written by you? (Passive of the main sentence)
    • Are you writing the article? (Active)
    • You are writing the article. (Assertive)
    • The article is being written by you. (Passive of Assertive)
    • Is the article being written by you? (Passive of the main sentence)

    b. “Who” দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে-

    Who-এর পরিবর্তে By whom+ Tense এবং person-অনুসারে Auxiliary verb+ object-এর subject+ কোন কোনসময় tense অনুযায়ী “be/being/been” ব্যবহৃত হয়+ Verb-এর past participle+?

    • Who is writing the poem? (Active)
    • By whom is the poem being written? (Passive)

    c. “Whom”- দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে-

    Whom এর পরিবর্তে Who+ Tense এবং person-অনুসারে Auxiliary verb+ Verb-এর past participle+ by+ subject-এর object+?

     

    • Whom did you recommend? (Active)
    • Who was recommended by you? (Passive)

    d. “What”- দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে-

    What+ Tense এবং person-অনুসারে Auxiliary verb+ Verb-এর past participle+ by+ subject-এর object+? (Tense অনুসারে করা হয়) ।

     

    • What is he doing? (Active)
    • What is being done by him? (Passive)
    • What does he need? (Active)
    • What is needed by him? (Passive)

     

    Rule 12: Imperative Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে

    Passive Structure: 

    Description   Example

    a. Main verb দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে-

    Let+ Object’s subject + be+ verb’s past participle

    • Write the article. (Active)
    • Let the article be written. (Passive)
    • Prepare the assignment. (Active)
    • Let the assignment be prepared. (Passive)

    b. “Do not” দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে-

    Let not + Object’s subject + be+ verb’s past participle

    • Do not write the article. (Active)
    • Let not the article be written. (Passive)
    • Do not prepare the assignment. (Active)
    • Let not the assignment be prepared. (Passive)

    c. Sentence “Let” দিয়ে শুরু হলে এবং এর পর personal object যেমন: me/us/him/her/you/them থাকলে-

    Let+ Object’s subject + be + verb’s past participle+ personal object

    • Let me write an article. (Active)
    • Let an article be written by me. (Passive)
    • Let him write the letter. (Active)
    • Let the letter be written by him. (Passive)

    d. “Never” দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে-

    Let not + Object’s subject + ever be + verb’s past participle

    • Never deceive anyone. (Active)
    • Let not anyone ever be deceived. (Passive)
    • Never go there. (Active)
    • Let not there ever be gone. (Passive)

    e. Sentence main verb দিয়ে শুরু হলে এবং এর পর personal object যেমন: me/us/him/her/you/them থাকলে-

    Let+ direct object + be+ verb’s past participle + for + personal object

    • Give me a pencil. (Active)
    • Let a pencil be given for me. (Passive)
    • Give me an eraser. (Active)
    • Let an eraser be given for me. (Passive)

    Rule 13: May/might/can/could/must/ought to/going to-যুক্ত Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে

    Passive Structure: Object’s subject+ may/might/can/could/ must/ought to/going to+ be+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ subject’s object

    Description   Example
    Subject-এর object+ may/might/can/could/ must/ought to/going to+ be বাদ+ past participle-এর পরিবর্তে মূল verb+ by বাদ+ Object-এর subject. 
    • You must write a poem. (Active)
    • A poem must be written by you. (Passive)
    • She may help you. (Active)
    • You may be helped by her. (Passive)
    • We ought to obey our parents. (Active)
    • Our parents ought to be obeyed by us. (Passive)
    • We are going to organize a party. (Active)
    • A party is going to be organized by us. (Passive)

    Rule 13: Active sentence যার নিম্নরূপ কাঠামো

    Passive Structure: Subject + verb + object +present participle+ Subject’s object

    Description   Example
    Object-এর subject+ Tense এবং person-অনুসারে Auxiliary verb + Verb-এর past participle+ present participle-যুক্ত অংশ+ by + subject-এর object।
    • He was seen singing the song by me. (Passive)
    • I saw him singing the song. (Active)
    • I saw him performing the dance. (Active)
    • He was seen performing the dance by me. (Passive)

    Rule 14: Active voice-এর double object থাকলে

    Passive Structure: Subject + verb + object +present participle+ Subject’s object

    Description   Example
    দুটি object-এর যেকোনটি subject হিসেবে নেয়া হয় (ব্যক্তিবাচক object-টি পরিবর্তন করা ভাল) +Tense এবং person-অনুসারে Auxiliary verb +Verb-এর past participle+ অন্য object+ by+ active voice-এর subject-টি object হিসেবে লেখা হয়।
    • I gave her a dress. (Active)
    • She was given a dress by me. (Passive)
    • She was given a book by me. (Passive)
    • I gave her a book. (Active)

    Rule 16: 

    Passive Structure: Subject + verb + object +present participle+ Subject’s object

    Description   Example

    Complex এবং compound sentence-যুক্ত Active voice-কে passive-এ পরিণত করার সময় উভয় clause-এর voice পরিবর্তন করা হয়।

    Note:

    Active voice যদি “People say” দিয়ে শুরু হয়, তবে একে passive করতে হলে, এর শুরুতে “It is said that” ব্যবহৃত হয়।

    • I know that he sang the song. (Active)
    • It is known to me that the song was sung by him. (Passive)
    • People say that Dhaka is the city of mosques. (Active)
    • It is said that Dhaka is the city of mosques. (Passive)

    Rule 17: 

    Passive Structure: Subject + verb + object +present participle+ Subject’s object

    Description   Example

    সাধারণত: intransitive verb-এর passive voice হয় না। কিন্তু যদি intransitive verb-এর পরে preposition যুক্ত হয়ে একটি group verb তৈরী করে এবং এটি intransitive verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়, তবে passive রূপের structure হবে-

    Object হবে subject+ Tense অনুসারে Auxiliary verb + Verb-এর past participle+ প্রদত্ত preposition+ by+ subject-এর object।

    • The boy took care of the parrots. (Active)
    • The parrots were taken care of by the boy. (Passive)

    Rule 18: 

    Passive Structure: Subject + verb + object +present participle+ Subject’s object

    Description   Example

    Active voice-এ Reflexive objective যেমন: myself, yourself, himself, herself, yourselves, ourselves, themselves, প্রভৃতি থাকলে Passive-এর কাঠামো-

    Active voice-এর একই subject passive form-এ ও+ Tense এবং person-অনুসারে Auxiliary verb + Verb-এর past participle+ by+ reflexive object।

    • He mocked himself. (Active)
    • He was mocked by himself. (Passive)

    Rule 19: Factitive object/ Complementary object-যুক্ত

    Passive Structure: subject+ Auxiliary verb according to tense and person+ Verb’s past participle+ factitive object+ by+ subject’s object.

    Description   Example

    Factitive object/ Complementary object-যুক্ত active voice-এর passive কাঠামো-

    দ্রষ্টব্য: যদি কোন বাক্যে transitive verb যেমন: call, make, name, nominate, elect, select, প্রভৃতি থাকে কিন্তু একটি পূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে একটি অতিরিক্ত object ব্যবহৃত হয়, তবে এই অতিরিক্ত objectটিকে Factitive object/ Complementary object বলে।

    Him, her, me, us, you, them, প্রভৃতিকে active রূপে নেয়া হয় এবং subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়+ Tense and person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb+ Verb-এর past participle+ factitive object+ by+ subject-এর object.

    • They made me a moderator. (Active)
    • I was made a moderator by them. (Passive)

    Rule 20: Cognate object-যুক্ত

    Passive Structure: subject+ Auxiliary verb according to tense+ Verb’s past participle+ by+ Subject’s object.

    Description   Example

    Cognate object: কিছু intransitive verb কিছু সাহায্যকারী object ব্যবহার করে transitive verb-এর মত আচরণ করে। এই সাহায্যকারী object-গুলোকে Cognate object বলে।

    Object-টি ‍subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়+ Tense অনুসারে Auxiliary verb+ Verb-এর past participle+ by+ Subject-এর object.

    • He wrote a poem. (Active)
    • A poem was written by him. (Passive)

    Rule 21: Infinitive-যুক্ত

    Passive Structure: 

    Description   Example

    Active voice-এর subject+ tense এবং person অনুযায়ী মূল verb+ infinitive-এর পরের object (যদি থাকে) + to be + infinitive-এর পরের verb-এর past participle.

    • He wants you to give a speech. (Active)
    • He wants a speech to be given. (Passive)

    Rule 22: Gerund combinations: suggest/recommend/advise/propose+ gerund+ object-যুক্ত

    Passive Structure: 

    Description   Example

    Active voice-এর subject+ মূল verb+ that+ gerund-এর পরের object+ should be+ gerund-কে verb-এ পরিণত করে তার past participle.

    • He proposed watching the movie. (Active)
    • He proposed that the movie should be watched. (Passive)

    Rule 23: Determine/arrange/be determined/demand/decide/ be anxious, etc.+ infinitive + object-যুক্ত

    Passive Structure: 

    Description   Example

    Active voice-এর subject+ মূল verb+ that+ infinitive -এর পরের object+ should be+ infinitive-কে verb-এ পরিণত করে তার past participle.

    • He decided to prepare the proposal. (Active)
    • He decided that the proposal should be prepared. (Passive)

    Rule 24: One+ should-যুক্ত

    Passive Structure: 

    Description   Example

    Object-এর subject+ should be+ Verb-এর past participle. 

    • One should perform one’s prayers. (Active)
    • Prayers should be performed. (Passive)

     

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