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পরামর্শ ১

Description   Example

আমাদের  vocabulary আরও বৃদ্ধি করতে হবে। তাই পাঠ্যবইয়ের বা যেকোনো text-এর word meaning, synonym, antonym, সম্ভব হলে word-গুলোর root, prefix, suffix  ইত্যাদি যতদূর সম্ভব শিখতে হবে।

Mr. Moniruzzaman is the—man in the village. 

এই শূন্যস্থানে wisest, richest, strongest, cleverest, tallest, best ইত্যাদি superlative degree-এর যেকোনো একটি বসবে।

পরামর্শ ২

Description   Example

প্রয়োজনীয় grammar এবং structure শিখতে হবে।

Not only Ridwana but also Roksana attended the party.

Not only হলে but also বসাতে হবে। 

পরামর্শ ৩

Description 

Cloze test-এর জন্য দেওয়া passageটি বারবার পড়ে ভাবার্থটি বুঝতে হবে।

পরামর্শ ৪

Description 

blanks পূরণ করার জন্য কী ধরনের word  ব্যবহার করতে হবে, তা ঠিক করতে passage-এ দেওয়া sentence-গুলো  দ্রুত বিশ্লেষণ করতে হবে। তারপর context অনুযায়ী শব্দগুলো ব্যবহার করতে হবে।

পরামর্শ ৫

Description   Example

Article-এর পর একটি gap এবং তারপর একটি noun থাকলে gap-এর জায়গায় একটি adjective ব্যবহূত হবে।

There lived a—fox in a forest.

এখানে article ‘a’-এর পর gap আছে। তারপর একটি noun (fox) আছে। 

সুতরাং There lived a clever fox in a forest. এই clever adjective। এর পরিবর্তে lazy, wise, cunning, kind প্রভৃতি adjective ব্যবহার করা যেত।

পরামর্শ ৬

Description   Example

Article-এর পরে adjective থাকলে এবং এর পরে gap এবং তার পরে noun থাকলে, gap এর স্থলে past participle বা present participle ব্যবহূত হয়। 

I Saw a beautiful—picture hung on the wall.

এই sentence-এ ‘a’ article-এর পরে ‘beautiful’ adjective রয়েছে। তার পরে gap এবং gap এর পরে picture রয়েছে। তাই gap-এর স্থলে painted/coloured প্রভৃতি past participle বসবে এবং এগুলো adjective  হিসেবে কাজ করবে।

পরামর্শ ৭

Description   Example

Definite article (the)-এর পরে gap থাকলে এবং এরপর plural verb থাকলে সেখানে একটি adjective ব্যবহার করতে হবে। এই adjectiveকে plural common noun হিসেবে গণ্য করা হয়।

The—are born to suffer.

এখানে শূন্যস্থানে ‘poor’ হবে। আবার The—are not always happy. এই শূন্যস্থানে ‘rich’ বসবে।
ওপরে ‘poor’ ও ‘rich’ plural common noun হিসেবে ব্যবহূত হয়েছে।

পরামর্শ ৮

Description   Example

Definite article-এর (the) পরে gap থাকলে এবং তারপর noun থাকলে gap-এর জায়গায় adjective-এর superlative degree হয়।
যেমন: Mr. Moniruzzaman is the—man in the village. এই শূন্যস্থানে wisest, richest, strongest, cleverest, tallest, best ইত্যাদি superlative degree-এর যেকোনো একটি বসবে।

Mr. Khan is the—man of N.S. Road area. 

এই শূন্যস্থানে fattest, poorest, laziest প্রভৃতি superlative degree-এর যেকোনো একটি বসানো যাবে।

পরামর্শ ৯

Description   Example

কোনো sentence-এ preposition-এর পরে gap থাকলে এবং gap-এর পরে noun থাকলে, gap-এ ing যুক্ত verb বসবে।

Children are fond of—sweets.

এই gap-এ eating বসবে (অর্থাৎ eat verb+ing হবে)।

পরামর্শ ১০

Description   Example

Article-এর পরে gap থাকলে এবং তারপর verb থাকলে gap-এর স্থলে noun ব্যবহূত হবে। Verb দেখে ঠিক করতে হবে শূন্যস্থানের nounটি singular নাকি plural হবে।

The—are catching fish in the river.

এই শূন্যস্থানে fishermen, boys, people, villagers ইত্যাদি বসবে। এই noun-গুলো plural, কারণ এদের পরের auxiliary verb, plural form-এ আছে।

পরামর্শ ১১

Description   Example

কোনো sentence-এ relative pronoun-এর পূর্বে gap থাকলে সেখানে একটি preposition ব্যবহূত হতে পারে।

The school—which Ridwana reads has a good reputation

ওই বাক্যের শূন্যস্থানে ‘in’ বসবে।

পরামর্শ ১২

Description   Example

One of the, Many of them, Most of the ইত্যাদির পর gap থাকলে gap-এর স্থলে noun-এর plural form বসে।

BMR Rifles College is one of the most famous—in Dhaka.

এই শূন্যস্থানে ‘colleges’ হবে। Md. Moniruzzaman is one of the greatest—of Tangail. এই বাক্যের শূন্যস্থানে ‘persons’ বসবে, যার person-noun-এর plural from.

পরামর্শ ১৩

Description   Example

Most of the-এর পর gap থাকলে এই gap-এ countable noun-এর plural form বসে। কিন্তু uncountable noun-এর singular form বসে।

Most of the—were present in the meeting.

এই শূন্যস্থানে members হবে যা member-এর (countable noun) plural।

পরামর্শ ১৪

Description   Example

Be verb-এরপর (am, is, are, was, were, shall be, will be) gap থাকলে এবং তারপর prepositional phrase-এর ব্যবহার থাকলে, gap-এ adjective বসবে। যেমন: The tiger is—of meat. এই gap এ ‘fond’ ব্যবহূত হবে।

Ms Minakkhi is—at English.

শূন্যস্থানে weak/good হবে।# They are—of snakes. শূন্যস্থানে afraid হবে।

পরামর্শ ১৫

Description   Example

Finite verb (সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া)-এর পর gap থাকলে, সেই gap-এ noun/adjective/adverb ইত্যাদি বসে। যেমন: # Mr Mostaq is a—. এই gap-এ man/ shopkeeper/teacher ইত্যাদি noun হবে।# Mr  Asaduzzaman is—. এই gap-এ honest/faithful/dutiful/confident/lazy ইত্যাদি হতে পারে (adjective)।

Roksana reads—.

এই gap-এ loudly/slowly/quickly/attentively/ regularly ইত্যাদি adverb বসতে পারে।

পরামর্শ ১৬

Description   Example

Transitive verb-এর পর  gap থাকলে সে gap-এ noun/gerund বসে।

She learns—.

এখানে english হবে (noun).
She learns—. 

এখানে swimming/riding /playing (gerund হিসেবে বসে verb ও noun-এর কাজ করছে একসঙ্গে)।

পরামর্শ ১৭

Description   Example

Intransitive verb-এরপর gap থাকলে সেখানে adverb বসে।

The baby cries—.

এই gap-এ loudly বসে (adverb হিসেবে cries কে qualify করে)।

পরামর্শ ১৮

Description   Example

Look, seem, grow, turn, become, keep প্রভৃতি verb-এর পর gap থাকলে সাধারণত adjective ব্যবহূত হয়।

The girl looks—.

এই gap-এ nice/ beautiful/ smart/ pretty/ ugly/ sad/ gloomy/ grave/ attractive প্রভৃতি adjective ব্যবহূত হতে পারে।

পরামর্শ ১৯

Description   Example

কোনো sentence-এ so থাকলে এবং so-এর পর gap থাকলে gap-এ একটি adjective বসে।

She is so—that she cannot walk.

এই gap-এ weak/tired/ill/sick/impatient/afraid /hungry প্রভৃতির একটি adjectIve প্রসঙ্গ অনুযায়ী বসবে।

পরামর্শ ২০

Description   Example

কোনো sentence-এ too-এর পর gap থাকলে এবং gap-এর পর to + verb থাকলে gap-এ adjective হবে।

Altaf is too—to walk.

Gap-এ weak/tired/sick/ill/afraid/hungry/small প্রভৃতি adjective হতে পারে।

পরামর্শ ২১

Description   Example

Be verb থাকলে এর পরে gap থাকলে এবং তারপর adjective থাকলে gap-এ adverb বসে।

Her idea was—right.

এই gap-এ fully/totally/absolutely/undoubtedly/certainly ইত্যাদি adverb বসবে।

পরামর্শ ২২

Description   Example

No sooner দিয়ে sentence শুরু হলে এবং principal clause-এর পূর্বে gap থাকলে gap-এ than বসে।

No sooner had the thief seen the police—he ran away.

এই বাক্যের gap-এ ‘than’ বসবে।

পরামর্শ ২৩

Description   Example

কোনো sentence-এর শুরুতে gap থাকলে এবং gap এর পরে noun বা pronoun থাকলে তারপর but also থাকলে তারপর noun বা pronoun থাকলে gap-এ not only বসে।

Not only Ridwana but also Roksana attended the party.

পরামর্শ ২৪

Description   Example

Not only দিয়ে sentence শুরু হলে এই sentence-এর gap-এ but also বসে।

Mr Moniruzzaman is not only the principal but also the well-wisher of our college.

 

]]> https://learnhowenglish.com/rules-on-gaps-filling/feed/ 0 Gap Filling Activities with Clues https://learnhowenglish.com/gap-filling-activities-with-clues/ https://learnhowenglish.com/gap-filling-activities-with-clues/#respond Thu, 25 Jun 2020 13:48:38 +0000 https://learnhowenglish.com/?p=499 Gap Filling Activities with Clues

This is also a very important section for the students of SSC level. Through this section, students will get the idea of filling gaps for a paragraph. We have tried here to show all examples through a structure so that you can also get the vocabulary list. 

  1. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.
Clues: the—–for—–on—–communication—–an—–of—–e-mail—–by—–a—–with Vocabulary  Answer
Writing letters is a part of our social activities. It is (a) —– form of communication, which plays a vital role in our practical life. (b) —– this time. (c) —– the revolution has taken place in the field of (d) —– this like telephone, wireless, cellular phone, fax and most recently (e) —–, which are much faster means (f) —– communication. Letter writing is (g) —– kind of good art which is (h) —– important means (i) —– maintaining good relations (j) —– people, offices and business organizations.

activities

revolution

communication

practical

cellular

maintaining

organizations

a) the b) By c) a

d) communication

e) e-mail f) of

g) a h) an

i) for j) with.

2. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: the—–off—–of—–social—–an—–upon—–conscious—–between—–a—–with
 Vocabulary  Answer
 In (a) —– society all men are not equally well (b) —–. Some are rich and some are very poor. This is because of (c) —– unequal distribution of national wealth. Many are deprived (d) —– the basic needs of life. They must be provided (e) —– their dues. The rich always draw (f) —– line of contrast (g) —– themselves and (h) —– poor. Most of them look down (i) —– the poor. They should be (j) —– and then humanity should be improved.

society

distribution

deprived

humanity

 a) a, b) off, c) an, d) of, e) with, f) a, g) between, h) the, i) upon, j) conscious.

3. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: the—–for—–of—–patience (ধৈর্য)—–an—–to—–practical—–by—–a—–with Vocabulary  Answer
Man has (a) —– unquenchable (অতৃপ্ত) thirst (b) —– knowledge. He is never satisfied (c) —– what he has known and seen. For this, he set out (d) —– travelling. But it needs (e) —– lot of money and (f) —–. (g) —– people of developed countries are fit (h) —– it. So they are capable (i) —– earning (j) – knowledge.

unquenchable

developed

capable

a) an, b) for, c) with, d) for, e) a, f) patience, g) The, h) for, i) of, j) practical.

4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: the—–for—–dust—–in—–an—–by—–commitments—–of—–a—–with Vocabulary  Answer
Although (a) —– city life has many advantages, a city dweller sometimes gets tired (b) —– it. He cannot attend (c) —– office and other places (d) —– time because (e) —– traffic jam. (f) —– air in the city is polluted (g) —– smoke and (h) —–. besides, he is always busy (i) —– a lot of (j) —–.

advantages

polluted

dweller

 a) a, b) of, c) the, d) in e) of, f) The, g) by, h) dust, i) with, j) commitments.

5. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: the —– with —– for —– weep —– an —– to —– condition —– out —– a —– by Vocabulary  Answer
Hazrat Omar (R.) was a kind and just ruler. He ensured (a) —– security of even (b) —– small creature of his kingdom. He dedicated his life (c) —– Islam and humanity. He used to come (d) —– at night and observed the actual (e) —– of his people. One night while walking (f) —– the hut of a widow he heard (g) —– crying of some children. He went nearer and saw that some children were crying for food. Their poor mother was boiling water and (h) —–. Omar’s (R.) heart filled (i) —– pity. What he did then may be (j) —– excellent example for the present rulers of all over the world.

observed

widow

excellent

boiling

a) the, b) a, c) for, d) out, e) condition, f) by, g) the, h) weeping, i) with, j) an.

6. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: the—for—of—social—an—to—habit—by—a—with Vocabulary  Answer
set of rules (b) — an orderly life in society. It is a mode (c) — leading life in accordance (d) — rules. Man is a (e) — being. In (f) — society he cannot do whatever he likes. He has to abide (g) — some rules. It is not (h) — inborn virtue. It should be acquired by (i) — practice of (j) —. Discipline is the most valuable and powerful element for success in life. It implies obedience to (a) —

orderly

acquired

Discipline

a) a, b) for, c) of, d) with, e) social, f) the, g) by, h) an, i) the,j) habit.

7. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: the—for—of—competitive—an—to—deny—by—a—with Vocabulary  Answer
Present world is very (a) —. So you need to be competent (b) — facing (c) — challenge of competition. As (d) — student you have to fully concentrate on your study. You can’t remain callous (e) — your study. If the students of (f) — country don’t acquire true education, there will be no development for (g) — country. You must utilize your time. Nothing can compensate (h) — your loss of losing time. There is no (i) — that hard work contributes (j) — make a good result.

competent

callous

acquire

compensate

a) competitive, b) for, c) the, d) a, e) to, f) a, g) the, h) for, i) denying, j) to.

8. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: the—for—against—in—an—to—power—by—a—with
 Vocabulary  Answer
Studies and politics cannot go together. It is (a) — unfortunate matter that money and (b) — attract (c) — students if they are involved (d) — politics. Once politics was associated (e) — social services. A political worker was (f) — social reformer. Students were in (g) — forefront (h) — unifying the people of the country and fighting (i) — the enemies. At present some of the students are exploited (j) — the political parties as their tools and violence.

unfortunate

associated

unifying

a) an, b) power, c) the, d) in, e) with, f) a, g) the, h) for, i) against, j) by

9. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: the—between—on—indelible—an—to—potential—up—a—with Vocabulary  Answer
Every woman is a (a) — mother. The future of a child depends on how it is brought up. In this case (b) — educated mother plays an important role. So (c) — difference (d) — the educated and (e) — uneducated mother can never be denied. An educated mother can bring a child (f) — better than an illiterate mother. A good wife means an educated woman. She is the best friend (g) — her husband. Her words will go (h) — long way to leave an (i) — impression (j) — her husband’s mind.

difference

illiterate

educated

a) potential, b) an, c) the, d) between, e) the, f) up, g) to, h) a, i) indelible, j) on.

10. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: thereby –as- be- warmer- gradual -prediction-change- that -destroy -pollution -there -increasing Vocabulary  Answer
The world is getting (a) — because of pollution. Every year millions of people all over the world die as a result of (b) —. In the recent years (c) — have been alarming reports that the world’s climate (d) — undergoing a significant (e) —. All these reports provide strong evidence (f) __ world temperature is (g) __ day by day. Climatologists (h) — that midway through the next century temperatures may have risen as much (i) — 40C. This could raise sea levels and (j) — flood coastal areas and farmlands. 

undergoing

evidence

Climatologists

midway

(a) warmer; (b) pollution; (c) there; (d) is; (e) change; (f) that; (g) increasing; (h) predict;
(i) as; (j) thereby.

11. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: of -a -earn -at -peace-dislike- in- with –respect- Like Vocabulary  Answer
We live (a) — society. So we must learn how to live in (b) — and amity (c) — others. We have to (d) — other’s rights and privileges and (e) — and (f) — as we expect others to respect us. We have (g) — lot of duties and responsibilities in society. Education should aim (h) — making each individual fully aware (i) — these duties and responsibilities. It is true that one has to learn how to (j) — his bread.

privileges

responsibilities

bread

 (a) in; (b) peace; (c) with; (d) respect; (e) likings; (f) dislikings; (g) a; (h) at; (i) of; (j) earn

12. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: at- in- of- a- an –help- think- charity- generous Vocabulary  Answer
Charity is (a) — inclination of heart to help others in distress and to (b) — good of others. Charity is (c) — noble human quality. It makes one’s heart (d) —. It is the feeling of sympathy (e) — other’s wants. There are various ways (f) — practising charity. The practice of giving alms is (g) — act of charity. But it is not (h) — in all cases. Charity should be extended to (i) — the really needy. Charity should aim (j) — removing the sufferings of the poor.

inclination

distress

sympathy

Charity

(a) an; (b) think; (c) a; (d) generous; (e) in; (f) of; (g) an; (h) charity; (i) help; (j) at.

13. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: to –off- remain –success- of-on -fully -the -compensate -competent Vocabulary  Answer
Present world is very competitive. So you need to be (a) — .As a student you have to (b) — concentrate (c)— your study. You can’t (d) — callous (e) — your study. Nothing can (f) — for your loss (g) — wasting time. There is no denying (h) — fact that (i) — depends on hard labour. So you must shake (j) — your idleness.

competitive

concentrate

wasting

(a) competent; (b) fully; (c) on; (d) remain; (e) to; (f) compensate; (g) of (h) the; (i) success; (j) off. 

14. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: of- for- in- enquire- remember- show- a-the- about –freedom- forget -give –supreme- dying Vocabulary  Answer
Our freedom fighters are (a) — real heroes of our country. We should (b) — them as they sacrificed their lives (c) — the greatest cause of the country. It is (d) — matter of great sorrow that most (e) — them are forgotten. Our young generation do not know about their (f) — sacrifice. Now many real (g) — fighters are living (h) — hardship. Some of them are also (i) — pathetically. We should (j) — about them and give them honour.

fighters

greatest

sacrificed

generation

pathetically

 (a) the; (b) remember/not forget; (c) for; (d) a; (e) of; (f) supreme; (g) freedom; (h) in; (i) dying; (j) enquire.

15. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: in- the- preserve- a- grow –out- for –from- at Vocabulary  Answer
Student should observe (a) — laws of health. They should rise (b) — the bed early (c) —the morning and go (d) — for (e) — walk. Besides these, they should take care to perform all these things which are useful for the (f) — of health. These are essential (g) — their physical and mental (h) —. They should also follow (i) — rules of health because health is (j) — root of all happiness.

observe

essential

happiness

 (a) the; (b) from; (c) in; (d) out; (e) a; (f) preservation; (g) for; (h) growth; (i) the; (j) the.

16. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: disaster -caused –after- famine- without- to- necessary-nature -out –by- heavy- the- untold -up Vocabulary  Answer
Natural calamity means natural (a) — which is (b) — by nature. Every year Bangladesh falls victim (c) — various natural calamities. They are flood, earthquakes and many other natural calamities. The effects of (d) — natural calamities beggar description. The people are affected and animals suffer (e) — sufferings. They cause (f) — damage to our life and properties. Thousands of people and other animals remain (g) —food for many days. The (h) — effects are very serious. Many people die for want of food. (i) — breaks out. The prices of all necessary things go (j) —.

calamity

beggar

remain

effects

(a) disaster; (b) caused; (c) to; (d) the; (e) untold; (f) heavy; (g) without; (h) after; (i) Famine; (j) up.

17. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: prepare- be -achieve -satisfy –require- result–inspire –curiosity- unquenchable- invent –and- he Vocabulary  Answer
Man has an (a) — thirst for knowledge. He (b) — with what he has known (c) — seen. (d) — wants to know and see more and more. This (e) — to know more (f) — him to undertake and carry out hard and dangerous tasks which eventually (g) __ in epoch-making discoveries and (h) — . In the fields of science and technology, man in the meantime (i) — what was once inconceivable. Man has already landed on the moon and (j) — for a journey to Mars.

knowledge

dangerous

meantime

inconceivable

landed

(a) unquenchable; (b) is not satisfied; (c) and; (d) He; (e) curiosity; (f) inspires; (g) result; (h) inventions; (i) has achieved; (j) is preparing.

18. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: forward –gratefulness- or- appreciation -the–for natural –the- friendship -from Vocabulary  Answer
Gratefulness is (a) — acknowledgement and (b) — of help received (c) — others. In the society we cannot do all things alone. Sometimes we need help of others. We are inter-dependent in the society. A man may be in danger (d) — in problem. It is a (e) — instinct in man to come (f) —, because of his fellow feeling, (g) — and kinship with help for the needy. To acknowledge and appreciate such help is (h) —. Gratefulness comes from (i) — depth of the heart and finds its manifestation in looks, words and deeds of the grateful man. The grateful man feels highly obliged (j) — the benefit he has received.

acknowledgement

instinct

kinship

Gratefulness

obliged

(a) the; (b) appreciation; (c) from (d) or; (e) natural; (f) forward; (g) friendship; (h) gratefulness; (i) the; (j) for

19. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: world- frustrate- with- about –happy- a- the- by -in Vocabulary  Answer
It is (a) — fact that complete (b) — does not exist in (c) — life. (d) — man mayn’t have all things that he needs (e) — life. It is better not to seek complete happiness. Rather one should be satisfied (f) — what one gets. It is (g) —key factor to happiness. One should not think (h) — what he has, what he does not have because (i) — doing so a man becomes (j) — and depressed. There are some people who think that it is money that brings happiness.

satisfied

depressed

happiness

 (a) a; (b) happiness; (c) worldly; (d) A; (e) in; (f) with; (g) the; (h) about; (i) by (j) frustrated.

20. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: a- lose –matched- in- continuous- both- the -enjoyment Vocabulary  Answer
Without effort there can be no progress (a) — life. Life (b) — its interest if there is no struggle. Games become dull if there is no competition (c) — them and if (d) — result can be easily foreseen. No matter we win (e) — game or lose it. The keener the contest the greater the (f) —. A victory is not (g) — real triumph unless (h) — the sides are equally (i) —. Whether we like it or not life is a (j) — competitive examination.

competition

foreseen

triumph

examination

 (a) in; (b) loses; (c) in; (d) the; (e) the; (f) enjoyment; (g) a; (h) both; (i) matched; (j) continuous.

21. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: from-instinct- fake –a- in- dignity –remember- meeting- our Vocabulary  Answer
Patriotism is a noble virtue. It is an inherent (a) — in human nature. It inspires (b) — man to shed every drop of blood to defend the liberty and (c) — of the country. But patriotism should not be merely a (d) — slogan in the public (e) — to deceive the people. It should be cherished in the (f) — of heart and materialized in our deeds. We should keep (g) — above (h) — the so- called patriotism. Everybody should bear (i) — mind that a pretender must be defeated. Nobody will (j) — or honour a mock patriot.

Patriotism

cherished

materialized

pretender

(a) instinct; (b) a; (c) dignity; (d) fake; (e) meeting; (f) core; (g) ourselves; (h) from; (i) in; (j) remember.

22. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: worthy -hold –eradicate- still –regret-humble –lot- with- learn -our Vocabulary  Answer
A teacher is often compared (a) — an architect of a nation. He is the light of (b) — and makes illiterate people (c) — citizens of our country. But it is a matter of (d) — that the teachers are not (e) — in due respect in (f) — society. Many teachers have to lead a (g) — life in need. (h) — they keep the candle education burning with a view to (i) — illiteracy and superstitions from the (j) — of a society.

compared

illiterate

education

burning

(a) with; (b) learning; (c) worthy; (d) regret; (e) held; (f) our; (g) humble/ regretful; (h) Still; (i) eradicating; (j) lot.

23. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: domination –gain- hesitate- right- want-under- a- by –from- rather Vocabulary  Answer
Man is born free. He does not (a) — to be exploited. If he is (b) — chained, he begins to struggle to make him free (c) — exploitation. Similarly if (d) — nation is ruled by a foreign (e) — and is deprived of the (f) —, it begins to protest. Even it does not (g) — to sacrifice the lives of the people. Once the Bengalese were ruled (h) — Pakistani rulers. But they could not tolerate it. (i) — they struggled against the Pakistani rulers and finally (j) — the victory.

exploited

Similarly

deprived

struggled

(a) want; (b) dominantly; (c) from; (d) a; (e) ruler; (f) rights; (g) hesitate; (h) by; (i) So; (j) gained.

24. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: a- to- for- by –prepare- work- in- the Vocabulary  Answer
It is useful (a) — students to take part (b) — social service. (c) — taking part (d) — social service they can benefit themselves as well as (e) — nation. Student life is (f) — period of (g) — for future life. If the students do some social (h) —, they will be better prepared for giving service (i) — the nation on completion of their education. As the students have no family burden and as they get enough time during the large vacation, they can do (j) — great deal of work for the people.

prepared

burden

vacation

 (a) for; (b) in; (c) By; (d) in; (e) the; (f) the; (g) preparation; (h) work;
(i) to; (j) a

25. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: constructive -in –write- his -difficult –of-which -exceptional –and-on –their- to Vocabulary  Answer
Man is the supreme being (a) — all creatures. Man has courage by (b) — he can do anything destructive or (c) —. In (d) — mind there is the fascination of conquering anything (e) —. Hillary and Tenzing were not also an (f) — from it. They were not daunted by difficulties (g) — dangers. All the dangers were overcome by them to conquer the highest peak (h) — the world. For (i) —courage and hardship, their names have been (j) — in history.

supreme

courage

destructive

daunted

highest

(a) of; (b) which; (c) constructive; (d) his; (e) difficult; (f) exception;
(g) and; (h) of; (i) their; (j) written.

26. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: around- likely –fuels- increase- undergo-produce-in -alarm –after- evidence Vocabulary  Answer
In recent years there have been many (a) — reports that the world’s climate is (b) — a significant change. All these reports provide strong (c) — that world temperature is increasing day by day. This increase (d) — global warming is caused by (e) — amounts of carbon dioxide (f) — the earth. Most climatologists believe that the greenhouse effect is the (g) — cause of this global warming may (h) — human environment seriously. The main culprits for global warming are carbon dioxide gas, (i) — by the burning of fossil (j) — and forests.

significant

climatologists

burning

forests

 (a) alarming; (b) undergoing; (c) evidence; (d) in; (e) increased;
(f) around; (g) likely; (h) affect; (i) produced (j) fuels.

27. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: competition- the- for- a- to- with- competitive-lose -on Vocabulary  Answer
Present world is very (a) —. So you need to be competent (b) —facing the challenge of (c) —. As a student you have to fully concentrate (d) — your study. You should be attentive (e) — your study. If the students of (f) —country don’t acquire true education, there will be no development for (g) — country. You must utilize your time. Nothing can compensate for the loss of your (h) — time. In order to succeed in life everybody should make (i) — best use of his/her time and should work hard (j) — determination.

concentrate

attentive

development

compensate

determination

 (a) competitive; (b) for; (c) competition; (d) on; (e) to; (f) a; (g) the;
(h) lost (i) the; (j) with.

28. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: use –of- for- prevent -achieve-work- inform- do- invent- the Vocabulary  Answer
One (a) — the greatest (b) — in the modern technology has been the (c) — of computer. They are already being (d) — in industries and universities and time may come when it will be possible (e) — ordinary people to afford them as well. As computers are capable of (f) — extremely difficult (g) —. They can solve (h) — most complicated mathematical problems. They can provide (i) — on the best way of (j) — traffic accidents.

greatest

industries

capable

mathematical

provide

(a) of; (b) inventions/achievements; (c) invention; (d) used; (e) for;
(f) doing; (g) work; (h) the; (i) information; (j) preventing.

29. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: from- desire- exercise- at- the- up- to -a Vocabulary  Answer
Self-control is (a) — the root of all virtues. Let (b) — man give rein (c) — his impulses and passion and (d)— that moment he yields (e) — his moral freedom. He is carried along (f)— current of life and becomes (g) — slave of his strongest (h) — for the time being. To be morally free, to be more than an animal (i) — man must be able to resist instinctive impulse and this can only be done by the (j) — of self-control.

passion

instinctive

freedom

 (a) the; (b) a; (c) to; (d) from; (e) up; (f) the; (g) the/a; (h) desire; (i) a;
(j) exercise.

30. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: hinder –with- about- a –into- the- of -know Vocabulary  Answer
Life is real, but much (a) — what (b) — man learns from books is theoretical. Bookish (c) —, unless supplemented by practical experience, is not a help, but is often a (d) —. Travelling furnishes one (e) — an opportunity for acquiring that experience. Pope, the poet sang that (f) — proper study of mankind is man. The traveler comes (g) — contact with various types of people, and if he moves about (h) — the observant eye, and keeps the doors and windows (i) — his mind open, he can acquire a lot of practical knowledge (j) — men and things of the world which books alone cannot provide.

theoretical

experience

windows

provide

 (a) of (b) a (c) knowledge (d) hindrance (e) with (f) the (g) into (h) with
(i) of (j) about.

31. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: founder -covering -outstanding -writings –contemporary-pioneered -remain -intellectual -regarded Vocabulary  Answer
Aristotle’s (a) — range was vast, (b) — most of the sciences and many of the arts, including biology, botany, chemistry, ethics, history, logic, metaphysics, rhetoric, philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, physics, poetics, political theory, psychology, and zoology. He was the (c) — of formal logic, devising for it a finished system that for centuries was (d) — as the sum of the discipline; and he (e) — the study of zoology, both observational and theoretical, in which some of his work (f) — unsurpassed until the 19th century. But he is, of course, the most (g) — as a philosopher. His (h) — in ethics and political theory as well as in metaphysics and the philosophy of science continue to be studied, and his work (i) — a powerful current in (j) — philosophical debate.

Aristotle’s

ethics

psychology

observational

unsurpassed

philosophical

(a) intellectual (b) covering (c) founder (d) regarded (e) pioneered
(f) remained (g) outstanding (h) writings (i) remained (j) contemporary.

32. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: feel- enchained- remains –democracy- declare-infringe -fundamental –deviated- born- demands Vocabulary  Answer
Freedom of speech is a (a) — right of the people in a (b) — country. They are free to express their thoughts and (c) — their sentiments and grievances, their needs and (d) — as long as they do not (e) — upon the similar rights of the others. Centuries ago Rousseau said, ‘Man is (f) — free but everywhere he is in chains.’ This axiomatic (g) — of the great social scientist shows how (h) — man was. In a slightly (i) — reflection, the scenario (j) — almost the same yet today.

thoughts

sentiments

axiomatic

scenario

slightly

(a) fundamental (b) democratic (c) feelings (d) demands (e) infringe (f) born (g) declaration (h) enchained (i) deviated (j) remains

33. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: in- the- at -about –before- over- impoverish –premier- dearth- enough Vocabulary  Answer
If you look wealthy or solvent (a) — to give a tip, there is no (b) — of trolley carriers at the emergency unit of the country’s (c) — public hospital. But you will be in trouble, if you are (d) — handcuffs or have an (e) — look written (f) — your face. When any patient carrying vehicle stops in front of any public hospital emergency unit, (g) — trolley men first glance (h) — the attires of the patient and his attendants to have an idea (i) — their financial status (j) — offering a trolley.

trolley

handcuffs

emergency

financial

(a) enough (b) dearth (c) premier (d) in (e) impoverished (f) over (g) the
(h) at (i) about (j) before.

34. Fill in the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the forms of the words. You may need to use one word more than once.

Clues: a almost -colour -please -to -smile –red- the- look- with -always Vocabulary  Answer
The world is like (a) — glass. If you smile, it (b) —, if you frown, it frowns back. If you look at it through a (c) — glass all seered, if through (d) — smoked one, all dull and dirty. (e) — try then to look at (f) — bright side of things. (g) — everything in the world has a bright side. Greet everyone (h) — a bright smile, kind words and a (i) — welcome. It is not enough (j) — love those who are near and dear to us.

smile

seered

everyone

(a) a (b) smiles (c) red (d) a (e) Always (f) the (g) Almost (h) with
(i) pleasing (j) to.

 

]]> https://learnhowenglish.com/gap-filling-activities-with-clues/feed/ 0 Substitution Table https://learnhowenglish.com/substitution-table/ https://learnhowenglish.com/substitution-table/#respond Thu, 25 Jun 2020 13:12:15 +0000 https://learnhowenglish.com/?p=472 Substitution Table

Substitution Table is another important section for the students of SSC level. Students are requested to practice more because it seems very easy but enough knowledge of grammar ensures 100% marks for you. You have to memorize vocabulary also from these articles so that you may match sentences easily in the exam. 

এসএসসি স্তরের শিক্ষার্থীদের জন্য Substitution Table আরেকটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিভাগ। শিক্ষার্থীদের বেশী করে অনুশীলন করার জন্য অনুরোধ করা হয়েছে কারণ এটি খুব সহজ মনে হয় কিন্তু ব্যাকরণের যথেষ্ট জ্ঞান থাকলে তা আপনার জন্য ১০০% নম্বর নিশ্চিত করে। আপনাদের জন্য নিচে কিছু উদাহরন দেয়া হল যা থেকে আপনারা শব্দভান্ডারও আত্মস্থ করতে পারেন যাতে আপনি পরীক্ষায় বাক্যগুলি সহজে মেলাতে পারেন।

  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

We

Plants

Water

It

cannot grow

drink

cook

is

turns

bathe

wash

water and quench our thirst

found in seas, rivers and ponds

our clothes and utensils with it

very useful to us

into steam and steam supplies power

to engine to run

useful to plants and other animals too

a liquid substance

and animals cannot live without it

our food with water

in it

thirst

quench

utensils

supplies

substance

bathe

 

2. Read the following table and make ten sentences.

Random Words

Vocabulary 

Paper

It

We

Some

They

is

cannot

helps

was

believe

made

our best daily companion

to spread education, knowledge and culture

do for a moment without paper

the part and parcel of modern civilization

named from the word papyrus

generally made from straw, grass, wood, bamboo, jute etc.

that the Egyptian first made paper

the most useful gift of human skill

first invented in China

if from the leaves of papyrus trees

companion

spread

moment

civilization

Egyptian

invented

papyrus
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

Socrates

He

One day his wife

The passers-by

She

tried

had

because

believed

said

went

her utmost to irritate Socrates

that Socrates was not paying heed to her

that an angry man is more of a beast than a human being

up to him and poured much water over him

out and sat on the doorstep of his house looking out on the street

more furious than ever and began to insult Socrates

it and were much amused at the incident

this and joined with them in their laughter

I was expecting this after thunder comes rain

a wife who used to lose her temper

utmost

Socrates

beast

doorstep

furious

Socrates

amused

laughter

thunder
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

Socrates

He

Athens

His mission

was

lived

did not

wanted

would

often go out in the streets of Athens

born in 459 B.C in Athens

the wisest philosopher and teacher of his time

killed by the rulers of Athens

stop passers-by at different places in the street and asked them simple questions

the home of sculpture

die a natural death

to spread knowledge among the people

to educate people

in Athens in Greece

philosopher

Athens

passers-by

sculpture

knowledge

among

educate

Greece
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

Drug Addiction

The drugs

These drugs

They

Addiction

The drug addiction

The frequent

Young boys

Some of these

taking

has

have

means

to be

cannot

taking heroin, opium etc

afford to buy them

of these drugs leads a man to death

very expensive

strong attraction for any harmful thing

to commit crime to arrange money

not only a national but also a global problem

used for intoxicating and stimulating effects

grasped the young generation of the country

taken by smoking or through injection

heroin

afford

death

expensive

attraction

harmful

arrange

global

grasped

injection
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

Fleming

He

The school

Penicillin

It

was

was born

went

passed

is

a very regular obedient and attentive student

sent to London at the age of fourteen

a life-saving medicine

never absent from school up to the age of twelve

to school and came back home on foot

four miles away from his house

in a poor family in Scotland

discovered by Dr. Alexander Fleming

the seventh of the eight brothers and sisters

his boyhood with his parents

obedient

fourteen

medicine

twelve

Scotland

brothers

boyhood
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

Education

It

Books

The literate persons

Illiteracy

The majority of our people

They

There

Every educated person

is

have

fall

illuminates

preserve

are

has

no access to them

to choose between right and wrong

still illiterate

a role to play in the campaign for removal of illiteracy

like light

much talk about removal of illiteracy

backward without education

the saying and thoughts of great men

still dominant in our country

a curse

illiterate

removal

backward

thoughts

dominant

curse

illuminates

preserve

majority
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

Science

It

People

We

Antibiotics

There

Some of them

Medical Science

works

is

helps

were

are

miracles for a range of dangerous diseases

man in so many ways

a terror to man

diseases which still remain beyond control

no reason for losing hope

engaged in continuous research on such diseases

now inoculations and vaccines against most of these diseases

once helpless against like cholera, typhoid and tuberculosis

so helpful in our fight against diseases

miracles

dangerous

diseases

terror

beyond

reason

continuous

research

inoculations

tuberculosis

diseases
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

Einstein

As a child Einstein

He

Einstein’s uncle Jacob

School

At the age of fifteen Einstein

There he

was

studied

realized

introduced

went

felt

visited

had

very lonely and shy

to Milan, Italy with his family

a great scientist

in a secondary school

an unpleased experience for Einstein

the wonders of science at the age of four

him to Math and specially equation

an incredible thirst for knowledge

free for the first time

museum and art galleries

lonely

Milan

scientist

secondary

unpleased

experience

wonders

incredible

equation

museum
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

Marco Polo

He

It

The Emperor

was

proved

traveled

used

became

made

took

himself wise and trust worthy to the emperor

him one of his officers

a great favourite with the king

by land and sea, over mountains and across deserts

in summer Polo reached the palace of Kublai Khan, the emperor of China

an adventurous man

Polo over three years to reach China

ships, camels and horses as  a means of transports

a journey from Venice to China

warmly received by the emperor of China

worthy

emperor

officers

mountains

deserts

reached

adventurous

horses

transports

Venice 
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

It

Bangladesh

Corruption

We

is

achieved

has

spreads

want

one of the main impediments

a way that we should have strong morality

over whole Bangladesh

some impediments to be developed

entered our vein and artery

a developing country of South Asia

to uplift the fame of our country

freedom in 1971

to remove this acute problem

an independent

impediments

morality

developed

spreads

artery

uplift

freedom

independent
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

His father

Once a storm

It

Robinson Crusoe

He

was born

wanted

arose

ran away

did not want

became

drove

did not like

a cabin boy on a sailing ship

in one of the voyages

home one day

to be a sailor from his boyhood

that he should go to sea

the idea

in England

a clever sailor in a few years

him to study law

the ship on to sand bank

sailing

voyages

Robinson Crusoe

clever

boyhood

sailor

cabin
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

He

Aristotle

Alexander, the great

Now we

A teacher

So, the nation

was

holds

have

is suffers  told

opens

nurses

much

no great teacher

the noblest profession

a window opener for his students

the nation builder

a great teacher

his student

Alexander not to lose self-control

the young minds carefully

new vistas of knowledge for them

teacher

self-control

carefully

noblest

nurses

Aristotle

Alexander

profession

knowledge
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

People

They

Newspaper

It

Man

He

has

shows

is

wants

express

are

gives

called the store house of knowledge

curious by nature

their opinion through it

us the outside world like a mirror

the best way to satisfy his curiosity

us news of home and abroad

to know about various things of the world

useful to all sections of people

really a part and parcel of our life

great educative value too

store house

curious

opinion

outside

mirror

curiosity

various

sections

educative
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

I

21st February

Everyone

We

The national flag

Shaheed Minar

This day

woke

saw

is

went

was

offered

were

covered with flowers

also called Shaheed Day

to observe the day at the Shaheed Minar

kept half flying

up at 5 a.m. to attend the morning procession

everyone singing Amar Bhater Rokte Rangano Ekushe February

carrying wreath of flowers

many people going to the Shaheed Minar

declared the International Mother Language Day

flowers at the foot of the Shaheed Minar

covered

observe

procession

International

Language

flowers
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

The 16th December

Our nation

These days

The 26th March

Every nation must

The 21st February

will

is

are

has

have

a glorious day for the people of Bangladesh

remain indebted to the martyrs of our country

observed every year with due solemnity

always inspire us

the independence Day

the National Martyrs Day

some glorious days

now International  Mother language Day

21st February, 26th  March, 16th December, etc

also some glorious and memorable days

glorious

independence

National

glorious

memorable

solemnity

indebted

observed

Martyrs
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

Emperor Shahjahan

It

There

People

The Taj

is

can

built

come

like

stands

to see it different times

it most on a moonlit

at Agra in India

surrounded by a beautiful garden

it as a tomb for his wife

be seen in its reflection in pool water

a large tomb above the center of the building

made of fine white marbles

on a strong base

one of the most beautiful buildings in the world

Emperor

moonlit

surrounded

beautiful

reflection

tomb

marbles

strong
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

A king

Applicants

They

A date

A newcomer

It

He

was

told

declared

tried

were

failed

prayed

a rich prize for the teller of the biggest lie

enlisted serially for the competition

fixed for the king

their best to tell bigger lies

to win the mind of the king

nearly to a close of the competition

for a chance to try

allowed to play his role

that the king was a worthless person

all taken before the king

biggest

enlisted

competition

fixed

bigger

nearly

Applicants

newcomer

worthless
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

A cook

The master

The roast

The cook

He

roasted

was

asked

threatened

saw

showed

clapped

replied

to firm him from his job

him that the duck had one leg only

the cook about the missing leg

a duck for his master

a mused by his ready wit him

that he would have clapped hands to brings out another leg had he known his trick

his hands loudly which started the ducks

this to his master to prove his position

some ducks standing on one leg

so delicious that he couldn’t but eat one leg

firm

threatened

showed

master

clapped

loudly

ducks

delicious

standing
  1. Read the following table and make ten sentences.
Random Words

Vocabulary 

Hamlet

He

This

His father

was

change

died

loved

a brave and noble young man

broken hearted

a changed person suddenly

suddenly in a mysterious way

his father more than anything in the world

the prince of Denmark

more sad wicked and cunning man

fond of games and pastime

a brave death

a very wicked and cunning man

brave

young

hearted

suddenly

mysterious

Denmark

wicked

cunning

pastime

brave

 

]]> https://learnhowenglish.com/substitution-table/feed/ 0 Adding Tag Question https://learnhowenglish.com/tag-question-2/ https://learnhowenglish.com/tag-question-2/#respond Thu, 25 Jun 2020 07:48:09 +0000 https://learnhowenglish.com/?p=466 Tag Question কি?

সাধারণভাবে, question tags (যাকে ট্যাগ প্রশ্ন বা প্রশ্নের লেজও বলা হয়) যে ব্যক্তির সাথে কথা বলছে তার কাছ থেকে একটি বিবৃতি নিশ্চিতকরণ বা নিশ্চিত করার জন্য ব্যবহৃত হয়।

সংজ্ঞাঃ Example

মূলত কথোপকথন এর সময় বাক্যের শেষে যে একটি সমর্থন সূচক প্রশ্ন সংযোগ করা হয় তাকে Tag Question বলে।

A tag question is a short question added to a statement. The tag includes a pronoun and its matching form of the verb be, or auxiliary verb. If the tag question is negative, we shorten the phrase, or use a contraction with the auxiliary verb. 
  • Rahim plays cricket, doesn’t he?
  • She went there, didn’t she?
  • Birds can play, can’t they?
  • It is a nice story book, isn’t it
  • He has done the work, hasn’t he?

কিভাবে Tag Question গঠন করতে হয়: 

Tag Question এর মধ্যে মূলত ৩ টি উপাদান থাকে, এগুলো হল: ১) Auxiliary Verb (সাহায্যকারী ক্রিয়া), ২) not/n’t (না বোধক) এবং ৩) Subject Word এর Pronoun
 
তাই আপনারা যদি এই ৩টি উপাদানের ব্যবহার ভালভাবে বুঝতে পারেন, আপনারা সহজেই  Tag Question গঠন করতে পারবেন। এবার এই উপাদান গুলো নিয়ে আলোচনা করা যাক।
 
সাধারণত positive বা  affirmative statement -এ negative tag এবং negative statement -এ affirmative tag ব্যবহৃত হয়। সেই সাথে statement এর শেষে comma (,) এবং tag question এর শেষে প্রশ্ন বোধক (?) চিহ্ন বসে।

Auxiliary Verb ও Not এর ব্যবহার: 

Tag question গঠণে Auxiliary verb ব্যবহৃত হয়।  Negative Tag question-এ Auxiliary verb গুলোর সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপ ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Auxiliary+Not Negative Auxiliary 
am+not
 = aren’t/ain’t
is+not = isn’t
are+not = aren’t
do+not = don’t
does+not = doesn’t
did+not = didn’t
was+not = wasn’t
were+not = weren’t
shall+not = shan’t
would+not = wouldn’t
should+not
 = shouldn’t
could+not = couldn’t
may +not = mayn’t
might +not = mightn’t
had +not = hadn’t
must +not = mustn’t
need +not = needn’t
ought +not = oughtn’t

Positive statements with negative tags: 

যখন আমরা প্রথমে Tag Question সম্পর্কে কথা বলব তখন এটি এর ক্রিয়াটির সাথে একটি ইতিবাচক বিবৃতি অনুসরণ করে। তারা একটি Short form ব্যবহার করে। ক্রিয়াটির একটি form সহ tag question নেতিবাচক not এবং pronoun এর সাথে মিলিত করুন। ক্রিয়াটি সর্বনামের সংখ্যার এবং ব্যক্তির সাথে সামঞ্জস্যপূর্ণ হতে হবে। এই উদাহরণগুলি দেখুন।

Jamal is walking to school, isn’t he?
She is playing in the field, isn’t she?
We are supposed to be sitting here, aren’t we?
You’re the math teacher, aren’t you?

Positive Statement: kakoli knows you,
Negative Tag: doesn’t she?
   

Negative statements with positive tags: 

এখন আসুন tag questions দেখি যা একটি নেতিবাচক বিবৃতি অনুসরণ করে। এগুলো ইতিবাচক। আপনি যা ভাবছেন তা সত্য তা নিশ্চিত করতে আপনি এটি ব্যবহার করতে পারেন এবং আপনি একটি নেতিবাচক উত্তর আশা করেন। ইতিবাচক tag questions সঙ্গে নেতিবাচক বাক্য আমাদের প্রথম প্রকারের মতো ঘন ঘন নয়। তারা একই ফর্ম ব্যবহার করে, বিপরীত শব্দ ক্রম সহ।

Question: You don’t eat all the cake, do you?
Expected answer: No, I don’t.

Negative Statement: She does not know you,
Positive Tag: does she?

Tag Question এর সকল সহজ নিয়ম

Rule 1:

Description Example
Primary Auxiliary verb do, does, did, am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had যোগে গঠিত কিছু Tag Question নিম্নে আলোচনা করা হলঃ
  1. I am a student, aren’t I?
  2. She didn’t go there, did she?
  3. You have done it, haven’t you?
  4. They were playing football, weren’t they?
  5. He had gone there, hadn’t he?
  6. He is not a teacher, is he?
 
Rule 2:
Description Example
Auxiliary verb যুক্ত Exclamatory Sentence-এ isn’t/ aren’t/ wasn’t/ weren’t বসে। আবার মূল Verb যুক্ত Exclamatory Sentence এর শেষে don’t/ didn’t/ doesn’t বসে। এক্ষেত্রে Statement এ Subject Noun হলে Tag-এ Subject এর Pronounবসে।
  1. How beautiful the picture is, isn’t it?
  2. How nicely the bird sings, doesn’t it?
 
Rule 3:
Description Example
Model Auxiliary Verb (may, dare, might, can, could, shall, should, will, would, must, need etc.) যোগে গঠিত Tag Question:
  1. We may fail at first, mayn’t we?
  2. You must have heard the name of  Jalaluddin Rumi, mustn’t you?
  3. None could prosper in life without utilizing time, could he?
  4. I shall do that, shan’t I?
 
Rule 4:
Description Example
Exclamatory Sentence-এর Subject এবং Verb উহ্য থাকলে, সেক্ষেত্রে Sentence বুঝে Subject ও Verb ধরে নিয়ে Tag গঠন করতে হয়।
  1. What an idea!, isn’t it?
  2. What a pity, isn’t it?
 
Rule 5:
Description Example
What/ how দ্বারা Exclamatory Sentence-এর Subject এবং  Verb অনুযায়ী Tag Question করতে হয়।
  1. What a beautiful garden it is!, isn’t it?
  2. How beautiful the picture is!, isn’t it?
 
Rule 6:
Description Example
Statement-এ যদি need/needs Verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে সেক্ষেত্রে Tag Question-এ need/needs এর পরিবর্তে don’t/doesn’t ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  1. I need a note book, don’t I?
  2. She needs a piano, doesn’t she?
 
Rule 7:
Description Example

Imperative Statement এর মাধ্যমে যদি কোন advice বা order বুঝায় সেক্ষেত্রে Tag হিসাবে will you/won’t you ব্যবহৃত হয়। Request বুঝালে can you/could you ব্যবহৃত হয়।

NOTE: won’t you ব্যবহার না করায় ভাল।
  1. Do not go there, will you?
  2. Open the door, will you?
  3. Do not tell a lie, will you?
 
Rule 8:
Description Example

Let’s/Let us যুক্ত Imperative Statement যদি  Proposal বুঝায় তাহলে Tag Question হিসাবে shall we ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  1. Let us have a discussion, shall we?
  2. Let’s help the poor, shall we?
  3. Let us go for a walk, shall we?
 
Rule 9:
Description Example

Let him/her/they/Arman দিয়ে যখন কোন কিছু করার অনুমতি ব্যক্ত করা হয় তখন Tag Question এ will you ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  1. Let Arman take a decision, will you?
  2. Let her do the work, will you?
 
Rule 10:
Description Example

There is/ there are/ there was/ there were দ্বারা সূচিত Statement এর ক্ষেত্রে Tag Question হিসেবে is there/isn’t there, are there/aren’t there, wasn’t there, weren’t there বসে।
  1. There is something wrong with him, isn’t there?
  2. There are three big rooms in our school library, aren’t there?
 
Rule 11:
Description Example

It is/ It was/ It has দ্বারা সূচিত Statement-এর ক্ষেত্রে Tag Question হিসাবে is it/ isn’t it, was it/wasn’t i, has it/hasn’t it বসে।
  1. Yes, it is our duty to study in a disciplined way, isn’t it?
  2. It is fairly a recent invention, isn’t it?
 
Rule 12:
Description Example

Complex Sentence-এ Principal Clause-এর Subject ও verb অনুযায়ী Tag Question গঠন করতে হয়।
  1. If you come, I will go, won’t I?
  2. He said that he would do the work, didn’t he?
 
 
Rule 13:
Description Example

Compound Sentence-এ সাধারণত 2nd Clause-এর Subject ও Verb অনুযায়ী Tag Question করতে হয়।
  1. Jony is dishonest but his sister is honest, isn’t she?
  2. Rahim is short but his brother is tall, isn’t he?
 
Rule 14:
Description Example

As well as, and not, with, together with, along with, accompanied by, in addition to, rather then ইত্যাদি দ্বারা দুটি Noun/Pronoun যুক্ত হলে ১ম Subject অনুযায়ী Tag Question হবে।
  1. He as well as his friends has done the work, hasn’t he?
 
Rule 15:
Description Example

Not only……but also, Not…….but, Either……..or, neither………nor ও or দ্বারা দুটি Subject যুক্ত হলে 2nd Subject অনুযায়ী Tag Question-এর Subject হয়। 
  1. Not only Rafik but also His friends are Fond of football, aren’t they?
 
Rule 16:
Description Example

Everybody/ any body/everyone/ nobody/someone/ none ইত্যাদি যদি কোন Statement এর Subject হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে Tag Question-এ Subject হিসাবে they ব্যবহৃত হবে।
  1. Everybody dislikes a liar, don’t they?
  2. Every student wants to do well in the examination, don’t they?
  3. Nobody liked him, did they?
 
 
Rule 17:
Description Example

Something/ nothing/ anything/ everything ইত্যাদি Statement-এর subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলে Tag Question-এ Subject হিসেবে it ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  1. Nothing is certain, is it?
  2. Nothing has been finished, has it?
 
Rule 18:
Description Example

Most of you, all of you, none of you, some of you ইত্যাদি Statement-এর subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলে Tag Question-এ Subject হিসেবে you ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  1. Most of you know French, don’t you?
  2. All of you know English, don’t you?
 
Rule 19:
Description Example

Most of them, none of them, all of them Statement subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলে Tag Question-এ Subject হিসেবে they ব্যবহৃত হবে।
  1. Most of them have visited the zoo, haven’t they?
  2. None of them have done the work, have they?
 
Rule 20:
Description Example

দেশের নাম Subject হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হলে Tag Question-এ Subject হিসেবে she ব্যবহৃত হবে।
  1. Bangladesh is an agricultural country, isn’t she?
  2. Bangladesh has so many rivers, hasn’t she?
 
 
Rule 21:
Description Example

Moon, train, ship, river, ferry, earth ইত্যাদি Subject হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হলে Tag Question-এ Subject হিসেবে she ব্যবহৃত হবে
  1. The earth is round, isn’t she?
  2. The Padma is the largest river in Bangladesh, isn’t she?
 
Rule 22:
Description Example

Common Gender হিসাবে Singular Noun ব্যবহৃত হলে Subject he বসে।
  1. Man is mortal, isn’t he?
 
Rule 23:
Description Example

Sentence-এ Subject হিসেবে that, this থাকলে Tag Question-এর Subject it হয়। Subject যদি these those হয় তাহলে Tag Question-এর Subject they হয়।
  1. These are my books, aren’t they?
  2. That was my pencil, wasn’t it?
 
Rule 24:
Description Example

Complex Sentence-এ 1st Clause-এ hope, believe, think, see ইত্যাদি Verb-এর পর ‘that’ Conjunction-টি উহ্য থাকলে 2nd clause-এর Subject ও Verb অনুযায়ী Tag Question গঠন করতে হয়। কিন্ত ‘that’ থাকলে 1st clause-এর Subject ও Verb অনুযায়ী Tag Question গঠন করতে হবে।
  1. I believe you will do better in the examination, won’t you?
  2. I believe that you will do better in the examination, don’t I?
 
Rule 25:
Description Example

Statement-এর শুরতে কোন Adjective-এর পূর্বে the বসে Common Noun হিসেবে বাক্যের Subject রূপে বসলে Tag Question-এর Subject হিসাবে ‘they’ হবে।
  1. The rich are not always happy, are they?
 
Rule 26:
Description Example

I, you, we এই Pronoun গুলো Proper Noun হিসেবে Sentence-এর Subject হলে Tag Question-এর Subject ‘it’ হবে।
  1. ‘You’ is a pronoun, isn’t it?
 
Rule 27:
Description Example

কোন Sentence-এ used to থাকলেAffirmative হলে didn’t বসে এবং Negative হলে did বসে। তারপর প্রদত্ত Sentence-এর অনুরূপ Subject বসে। তবে কখনও used to-এর to বসে না।
  1. They used to play cricket, didn’t they?
 
Rule 28:
Description Example

যদি Sentence-এ Subject হিসেবে one থাকে তবে Tag Question-এ Subject হিসেবে he ব্যবহৃত হবে। 
  1. One should do one’s duty, shouldn’t he?
Rule 29:
Description Example

Statement এ Negative শব্দ (few, hardly, seldom, little, scarcely, rarely, never, nothing, nobody, none) থাকলে Tag-এ Affirmative Question হয়।
  1. It has hardly rained at this summer, has it?
 
 
]]> https://learnhowenglish.com/tag-question-2/feed/ 0 Using Sentence Connector https://learnhowenglish.com/using-sentence-connector/ https://learnhowenglish.com/using-sentence-connector/#respond Wed, 24 Jun 2020 15:54:14 +0000 https://learnhowenglish.com/?p=460 Sentence Connector / Linking Words (বাক্য সংযোজনকারী):
সংজ্ঞা Example

সাধারনভাবে কতগুলো Sentence-এর মধ্যে সঙ্গতি বা যৌক্তিকভাবে যুক্ত করার জন্য যেসব Word/words ব্যবহৃত হয় তাকে Linkers/Sentence Connector বলে।

আরেকটু জানি, Link অর্থ যুক্ত করা। Linker অর্থ যুক্তকারী। যেসব word বা phrase word-এর সঙ্গে word, phrase-এর সঙ্গে phrase এবং sentence-এর সঙ্গে sentence-এর সংযোগ ঘটিয়ে থাকে, তাকে linker বলে।
  • He knows the person who has come here.
  • I have been working in this company since I joined here.
  • You talk as if you were mad.
  • He behaves as though he were the CEO of this Company.
 

Rule 1:

Description   Example
As a result/ for this/ for this reason/ that is why/ this is why/ thus/ as a consequence/ consequently/ therefore/ so/ hence কারণে/ফলে/এভাবে/তাই.: Clause/ Sentence দ্বারা কোনো কিছুর কারণ বোঝালে সেই কারণে সংঘটিত প্রভাবের আগে উপরোক্ত Linkers-গুলো ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Nepal is a small country. So, she cannot house her large population.
b. Many dishonest businessmen hoard daily commodities. As a result, the prices of lie at an imbalanced rate.
c. Kader walked slowly. For this reason/ that is why/ thus/, therefore/ he failed to reach the station in time.
d. Despite my warning he violated my instruction. as a consequence/ consequently/ hence/ therefore/ for this/ for this reason/ that is why/ thus/ as a result/ So, he had to suffer much.

Rule 2:

Description   Example
In short/ in brief/ in a few words/ in a word/ in a nutshell/ in fine/ in conclusion/ to sum up/ to summarize/ on the whole সংক্ষেপে/ এককথায় বলতে গেলে.: পূর্বে আলোচিত কোনো বক্তব্যের ইতি টানতে তার পূর্বে এই Linkers-গুলো ব্যবহূত হয়। a. His whole family depends on me. I am the only earning member of my family. In a word, I am the umbrella of my family.
b. Nepal is a small country. She has a large population. She cannot ensure the basic rights of her people. People are mostly poor here. Most of them are illiterate. In short/ in brief/ in a word/ in a nutshell/ in fine/ in conclusion/ to conclude/ to sum up/ to summarize/ on the whole, Nepal is burdened with many problems.

Rule 3:

Description   Example
In other words/ in the other way অন্য কথায়/ অন্যভাবে বলতে গেলে.: কোনো বক্তব্যকে একবার লিখে একই বক্তব্যকে অন্যভাবে প্রকাশ করতে হলে এই Linkers-গুলো ব্যবহূত হয়। a. The students do not try to understand English. In other words, they are going from bad to worse.
b. His crazy activities were crossing all limits. In other words, he was almost mad.
c. May students do not prepare themselves for the examination. In other words/ in the other way, they adopt unfair means in the examination.

Rule 4:

Description   Example
Moreover/ besides/ in addition/ in a addition to that/ further more/ in addition to/ again তা ছাড়া/ অধিকন্তু/ আবার.: আগের বক্তব্যের সঙ্গে আরও বক্তব্য সংযুক্ত করতে এই Linkers-গুলো ব্যবহূত হয়। a. The person has a big flat. Besides this, he has a car.
b. My country is a beautiful country. Moreover, she is full of natural recourses.
c. Besides a colour television, the bridegroom demanded a motorcycle.
d. Nepal is a small country. It has a huge population. Poverty is its main problem. moreover/ besides/ in addition to that/ in addition/ furthermore/ again natural disasters have become its part and parcel.

Rule 5:

Description   Example
And/ as well as/ along with/ together with এবং.: এ ধরনের linker দুটি noun/ verb/ adjective/ adverb/preposition-এর মাঝে সংযোজক হিসেবে ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Atif together with Babu came to my office.
b. The teacher as well as the students were present.
c. The students went to the principal and demanded new books in their college library.
d. The girl as well as her sister has come.
e. Jafor along with his daughter visited our house.

Rule 6:

Description   Example
Not only … but also শুধু নয় … আরও.: দুটি বিষয়, বস্তু, ঘটনা ইত্যাদির শুধু একটি নয়, অপরটিও হয়—এমন বোঝাতে প্রথমটির আগে not only এবং পরেরটির আগে but also বসে বিস্তারিত আলোচনা, completing sentence parts অংশে দেখো. a. Not only Tamanna but also Kholil is now going to Canada next year.
b. The girl is not only lazy but also dirty.
c. Imran not only reads Quaran but also describes Hadith.
d. Kalfa works not only irregularly but also carelessly.
e. Billal is not only a player but also a student.

Rule 7:

Description   Example
Either … or হয় … অথবা.: দুটির/ দুজনের মধ্যে হয় একটি/ একজন অথবা অন্যটি/ অন্যজন—এ রকম বোঝাতে এ linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Either I or your friend will raise the flag.
b. Either he or my brothers are guilty.
c. I can either study or play.
d. Either Firoza or Kadir will present the meeting in the evening.
e. The boy is either mad or foolish.

Rule 8:

Description   Example
Neither … nor এটাও নয় … ওটাও নয়.: দুটি বিষয়ের/ বস্তুর বা দুই ব্যক্তির কেউই নয়/ কোনটিই নয়—এমন বোঝাতে এই linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Neither Kibria nor his brother passed.
b. Neither the students nor the teachers were present in the meeting.
c. Neither I nor you are responsible for the work.
d. Neither the students nor the teachers missed the programme in the school premise.
e. Jamil neither did the work nor asked others to do this for us. 

Rule 9:

Description   Example
… Both … and … এবং … উভয়েই/ উভয়টিই.: দুটি বস্তু/ বিষয় বা দুই ব্যক্তি/ পক্ষের উভয়টি/ উভয়কেই বোঝাতে এই linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Both my colleague and classmate came to the program for my birthday.
b. He took both geometry and algebra as his major courses.
c. She is both honest and kind in her daily task.
d. Both Tipu and Kartik are intelligent enough.
e. Both members and the students were present on the fixed day.

Rule 10:

Description   Example
Relative pronouns. : Who, which, that, what, whom, whose এই Pronoun-গুলো Sub-ordinating Conjunction হিসেবে দুটি পৃথক বাক্যকে একটি বাক্যে পরিণত করে। a. The boy who came here yesterday is our neighbor. 
b. This is the book which is now out of print.
c. He does not know what he wants.
d. Mr. Babor is a fisherman who works mainly in the river.
e. This is the girl whose pen has been lost.

Rule 11:

Description   Example
Participles. : কোনো Incomplete expression বা Predication-কে Complete করতে Infinitive-এর বিকল্প হিসেবে Participle-কে ব্যবহার করা যায়। a. To be Infinitive. and expert player, she tries to sing well for us.
b. Being Participle. an expert player, she tries to sing well for us.
c. Being Present Participle. a man of letters, Mr. Atif is working hard for the removal of illiteracy.
d. Brought Past Participle. up in Canada, Kadir likes to stick to Canadian culture.
e. Having completed Perfect Participle. the work, they got their payment.

Rule 12:

Description   Example
Including, Consisting of, Comprising অন্তর্ভুক্ত করে.: অন্তর্ভুক্ত রয়েছে, এমন বিষয় বা বস্তুর আগে এই Linkers-গুলো ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Both the schools comprising engineers and geologists do not rule out the possibility of a major earthquake.
b. We published all our writing including our autobiography.
c. The newly formed committee has been declared comprising the experts in archeology.
d. The family consisting of five members live in this house.
e. The team consisting of 12 members won the game last year. 

Rule 13:

Description   Example
at the same time/ after that/ subsequently/ Then/ coincidentally একই সময়ে/ যুগপ ৎভাবে.: একই সময়ে সংঘটিত দুটি বিষয়ের মধ্যে এই Linkers-গুলো ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Arif was reading a book in the morning. At the same time, Latita was writing a letter to her mother.
b. He saw the boys. They were then playing football in the school field.
c. She told me everything. After that, I had nothing to say seriously.
d. She committed a blunder. Subsequently, she had to pay.
e. It was not pre-planned. He just met  us coincidentally.

Rule 14:

Description   Example
At the end/ at last/ at length/ finally/ lastly/ at the eleventh hour/ eventually/ last of all অবশেষে/ সবশেষে.: ধারাবাহিক কোনো ঘটনার মধ্যে সর্বশেষ ঘটনা বা বিষয়টির আগে এই Linkers-গুলো ব্যবহূত হয়। a. The old sailor prayed for five days. At last, God took pity on the old sailor.
b. He worked hard. He made all the needful corrections in the book. I drew the attention of all the teachers of English countrywide. At the end/ at last/ at length/ finally/ lastly/ last of all/ In the end, I could achieve dramatic success.
c. At the eleventh hour, he came to me with the request. I could not entertain it.
d. I made useless efforts. Eventually, everything failed.
e. The govt. should take some necessary steps to remove illiteracy from the country. Secondly, there should be an awareness making program throughout the country.

Rule 15:

Description   Example
Too/ also/ as well আরও.: আরও কোনো কিছু ঘটতে পারে; অধিক ঘটনা বা বস্তুকে উল্লেখ করার পর এই Linker-গুলো ব্যবহূত হয়। তবে also-কে Sentence-এর শুরুতে, মাঝে, এমনকি শেষেও ব্যবহার করা যায়। a. She needs a pen. She also needs a book.
b. Billal is a good student. Shipra is also a good student.
c. We are going to school today. You can go as well.
d. She is a singer. She is an actress too.
e. I told the matter in detail. I helped him also.

Rule 16:

Description   Example
At present/ at the present time/ presently/ now a days বর্তমানে/ আজকাল.: বর্তমান সময়ে ঘটছে, এমন বোঝাতে এই Linkers-গুলো ব্যবহূত হয়। a. At present, the condition of the workers is not good at all.
b. At present, men and women contribute to the society remarkably.
c. Now a days the green house effect has appeared as a great threat to our existence.
d. She is waiting for him for a long time. So, he has to meet her presently.
e. At the present time he has no cash in hand.

Rule 17:

Description   Example
firstly/ secondly/ thirdly প্রথমত/ দ্বিতীয়ত.: কোনো বক্তব্যকে ধারাবাহিকভাবে লিখতে গেলে এই Linkers-গুলো ব্যবহূত হয়। a. There are many ways to solve the food problem in Nepal. Firstly, we must sustain the present production of food. Secondly, we must control the rapid population growth. Thirdly, steps should be taken against the fragmentation of land. Fourthly, modern and scientific method of cultivation should be introduced.

Rule 18:

Description   Example
But/ On the other hand/ On the contrary/ Instead of that/ Whereas/ In contrast কিন্তু/ অন্য দিকে.: পূর্বে লিখিত কোনো বক্তব্যের বিপরীতে কোনো বক্তব্য লিখতে গেলে এ ধরনের Linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. He expected you that day. But you did not come.
b. He is rich. Whereas his own brother is a poor businessman.
c. I do not like him. But he likes me very much.
d. Khulna is over-populated. On the other hand/on the contrary/in contrast/in contrast with this/whereas, Rajshahi is less populated.
e. You asked him for some money. In stead of that, he gave you some advice.

Rule 19:

Description   Example
Otherwise/ lest অন্যথায়/ পাছে.: একটি ঘটনা না ঘটলে বা একটি কাজ না হলে অপর ঘটনাটি ঘটে বা ঘটতে পারে—এমন বোঝাতে দুটি ঘটনা বা কাজের মধ্যে এ ধরনের Linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Read attentively lest you should fail in the examination.
b. He walked fast lest he should miss the bus.
c. Hurry up lest he should miss the bus.
d. Do it in time. Otherwise you will be punished.
e. Walk fast lest you should miss the bus.

Rule 20:

Description   Example
For instance/ for example/ such as/ like/ namely/ that is to say যেমন/ অর্থা ৎ .: উদাহরণ হিসেবে কিছু তথ্য যোগ করতে এ ধরনের Linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. People of the developing country do not enjoy their basic right such as freedom of movement, freedom of speech etc.
b. Nepal is a developing country. Its GDP rate is growing very fast. For instance/ for example, it is earning a huge amount of foreign currency from its various sectors namely man-power, garments and leather. That is to say, it has achieved a dramatic output from these sectors. Other sectors are also promising like these sectors such as jute, handicrafts, shrimps etc.

Rule 21:

Description   Example
first of all/ initially/ primarily/ in the beginning/ at the start/ in the first place সর্ব প্রথম/ শুরুতে.: ধারাবাহিক/ পর্যায়ক্রমিক বক্তব্যকে লিখতে গেলে এ ধরনের Linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Some steps should be taken to control the population in the beginning.
b. Some steps should be taken to control traffic in Dhaka city.
c. First of all/ In the first place any violation of traffic signal must be taken seriously.
d. Initially/ At the start/ Primarily/ In the beginning, it might be difficult.

Rule 22:

Description   Example
always/ Usually/ generally/ as usual/ most often/ very often/ frequently/ sometimes/ at times সর্বদা/ সাধারণত/ প্রায়ই/ মাঝেমধ্যে.: যে ঘটনা সর্বদা বা প্রায়ই বা মাঝেমধ্যে ঘটে, যে বৈশিষ্ট্য কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বিষয়ের জন্য প্রায়ই সত্য, সেই ঘটনা বা বৈশিষ্ট্যসম্পন্ন বাক্যে এ ধরনের Linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. You do not like him. But he comes here frequently.
b. Nothing can cure us. We take drugs frequently.
c. We have defeated them this time. We cannot defeat them always.
d. I am a very simple and polite man as usual.
e. I usually/ always/ generally/ as usual/ most often/ very often/ often/ sometimes/ at times gets up from bed early in the morning.

Rule 23:

Description   Example
After পরে.: দুটি কাজ বা ঘটনার মধ্যে যেটি আগে হয়েছে বা হয় বা হবে, তার আগে After বসে। a. Mr Sattar came to college after the bell had rung.
b. Karim died after the doctor had come.
c. After I had passed my M.A. I joined a  hospital.
d. My father died after I had left the hospital.
e. I reached the station after the train had left.

Rule 24:

Description   Example
Before/ prior to that পূর্বে.: পূর্বে হয়েছে, এমন কাজ বা ঘটনাকে পরে ঘটেছে এমন কাজ বা ঘটনার সঙ্গে যুক্ত করতে before ব্যবহার করা হয়। a. The patient had died before the doctor came.
b. We had reached the station before the train left.
c. The sun had set before we reached home.
d. Before the doctor came, the patient had died.
e. The talked to us. Prior to that, they invited us.

Rule 25:

Description   Example
Thus/ in this way এভাবে. ঃ কোনো ঘটনা কীভাবে ঘটে বা ঘটেছে, তার বিবরণপরবর্তী সময়ে এ ধরনের Linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Most of the people of our country are illiterate. Many of them are lazy and inactive. In this way, they become poor.
b. They went to the station. They booked some tickets there. Then they reached the station on the certain day. Thus they started their train journey.

Rule 26:

Description   Example
When/while যখন.: একই সময়ে সংঘটিত দুটি কাজের একটির আগে এ ধরনের Linker বসে। While-পরবর্তী Clause-টি সাধারণত Continuous-এর হয়।

a. When he came to college, he saw us.

b. While I was sleeping, the phone rang.

c. He met me while I was going to market.

d. When it was summer, we went on a tour.

e. When the train had left, we reached the station.

Rule 27:

Description   Example
However/ nevertheless/ after all যা-ই হোক, মোটের ওপর.: আগে লেখা কোনো বক্তব্যের সাপেক্ষে কিছুটা বা পুরোপুরি বিপরীত বা আরও গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কিছু লিখতে চাইলে তার আগে এই Linker-গুলো ব্যবহূত হয়।

a. I should not disobey him. After all, he is your father.

b. I am so late. However, I can start your work now.

c. Television has some demerits. Nevertheless, it is considered to be a wonder of modern science.

d. I cannot dishonor you. After all, you are my senior.
e. He invited me. Nevertheless, I did not attend the function.

Rule 28:

Description   Example
In case যদি., In any case যেকোনো অবস্থায়.: যদি অথবা যেকোন অবস্থায় কোনো কিছু করা হয়/ হয়েছিল/ হবে বুঝালে এই Linkers ব্যবহূত হয়।

a. In case I come, He will go there.

b. In case of emergency, I may call you.

c. In any case, he will attend the meeting.

d. In any case, He will help me in my danger.

e. Do not worry. I will talk to him in any case.

Rule 29:

Description   Example
Really/ actually/ indeed/ in fact/ of course অবশ্যই, প্রকৃতপক্ষে, বস্তুত.: কোনো বক্তব্যের ভিত্তি সম্পর্কে নিশ্চয়তা বা সত্যতা বা গুরুত্বের যথার্থতা প্রকাশে এ ধরনের Linker ব্যবহূত হয়।

a. Everybody respects Mr. Razzak. In fact, he is an honest man.

b. I was silent despite all your questions. Actually/ Indeed/ In fact/ Really, he had nothing to say.

c. Nepal has to solve the problem of poverty. Of course, it is possible through sincere and pragmatic efforts and steps.

d. Of course, Nepal is a country of problems.
e. I finished the work in time. indeed, I can depend on you.

Rule 30:

Description   Example
Another/ the other/ the latter অন্যটি, পরবর্তীটি.: দুটি বিষয়/ বস্তু/ দুজন ব্যক্তির মধ্যে পরবর্তীটি বা পরবর্তীজনের আগে এই Linkers-গুলো ব্যবহূত হয়।

a. Tousif and Kader are very bad students. The latter is also a bad player.

b. There are two most important causes of sound pollution. One is the growth of urban population. another is the increasing use of machines & electronics in our everyday life.

c. Tousif and Kader were school-friends. the other is now working on a foreign mission.

Rule 31:

Description   Example
Rather বরং.: কোনো কিছুতে জোর দেওয়ার জন্য এই Linker-টি ব্যবহার করা হয়। a. I would rather starve than steal.
b. You would rather die than beg.
c. Nepal is not a rich country. Rather, it is a poor country.
d. Though we are weak in Math, they do not put emphasis on this subject. Rather, we avoid it.

Rule 32:

Description   Example
Similarly, in the same way, alike অনুরূপভাবে/ একইভাবে.: আগে কোনো কিছু লেখা হয়েছে, তার সঙ্গে মিল রেখে কিছু ঘটছে বা ঘটবে—এমন কিছু লিখতে এই Linkers-গুলো ব্যবহূত হয়।

a. Shakila turned the wheel. Similarly, her brother did.

b. I have done the work nicely. I have done the work similarly/in the same way.

c. He should address the problem immediately. He should do alike.

d. We bought a new car alike, my friend bought another one.

e. The wind rotates turbine alike, the turbine generates power.

Rule 33:

Description   Example
According to/ in accordance with/ accordingly অনুসারে/ অনুযায়ী.: আগের কোনো কাজ/ ঘটনা/ বিষয়বস্তুর সঙ্গে তাল মিলিয়ে কোনো কাজ/ ঘটনা সম্পাদিত হলে এই Linkers ব্যবহূত হয়।

a. According to you, babu is not only a good player but also a good student.

b. You talked to us according to the instruction of your boss.

c. In accordance with the UNESCO’S declaration, International Mother Language Day is celebrated all over the world.

d. You told him to complete the work in time. You completed the work accordingly.

e. One should lead himself according to the law and order of the country.

Rule 34:

Description   Example
পর্যন্ত অর্থে Till এবং যে পর্যন্ত না অর্েথ Until ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Pray to Allah till the sunrise.
b. Study hard till you learn the lesson.
c. I was working until you come back.
d. Wait here until I come back.
e. We studied until the teacher left.

Rule 35:

Description   Example
Still/till now/even now এখনো/এখন পর্যন্ত.: এখনো বা এখন পর্যন্ত চলছে, তা বোঝাতে এ ধরনের Linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. The instructor is discussing the importance of learning English even now.
b. You are still sleeping. Till now, you have not finished the task.
c. I am discussing the fact even now.
d. The students are playing in the field even now.
e. Shilpi and Mustakim are still gossiping.

Rule 36:

Description   Example
Suddenly/ all on a sudden হঠাৎ.: হঠাৎ ঘটে যাওয়া কোনো কাজ বা ঘটনার পূর্বে বা পরে এই Linkers-গুলো ব্যবহূত হয়। a. That day I was reading in my room. Suddenly, i heard you crying.
b. I was moving along the street. Suddenly a man came to me running.
c. The carpenter jumped into the pond and drowned. This happened all on a sudden.
d. We were playing in the playground, suddenly the headmaster came there and took us to class.
b. The goats were grazing. A tiger came and took away one. It happened all on a sudden.

Rule 37:

Description   Example
if/ even if/ Unless যদি/ এমনকি যদি/ যদি না.: যদি/ এমনকি যদি/ যদি না অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে এ ধরনের Linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. If You had enough money, You would establish a building in your village.
b. Unless he works hard he will not shine in life.
c. I won’t be paid unless I do my duty well.
d. If you arrived in time, you would meet the headmaster.
e. I will go out even if it rains.

Rule 38:

Description   Example
Above all সর্বোপরি.: সামগ্রিকভাবে কোনো কিছুকে প্রাধান্য দিয়ে লিখতে গেলে এই Linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Above all, I was a very dishonest man.
b. There was a remarkable turn out in the last Parliamentary election. Above all, we enjoyed the election as a celebration.
c. Above all, they are willing to go there.
d. Above all, the problems of your country are increasing rapidly.

Rule 39:

Description   Example
Undoubtedly/no doubt/ surely /of course/certainly/truly speaking নিঃসন্দেহে/ নিশ্চিতভাবে/ অবশ্যই.: নিঃসন্দেহে/ নিশ্চিতভাবে/ অবশ্যই—এমন বক্তব্য প্রকাশ করতে এ ধরনের Linkiers ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Undoubtedly I am wrong.
b. Undoubtedly/ no doubt/ surely/ It is needless to say that/ It needs no telling that/ truly speaking, almost all the countries of the world are under a constant threat of terrorism.
c. It needs no telling that man have proved his worth everywhere. surely, he has done so.
d. Parvez committed mistake undoubtly.

Rule 40:

Description   Example
Whoever যে-ই হোক.: কোনো ব্যক্তির ব্যক্তিপরিচয় অনিশ্চিত হলে এই Linker-টি তার পূর্বে ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Whoever is present here, he/she should listen to their request.
b. Whoever he is, they won’t respect him.

Rule 41:

Description   Example
Unfortunately/ unluckily দুর্ভাগ্যজনকভাবে.: কোনো ঘটনা বা বিষয় দুর্ভাগ্যজনক হলে তা প্রকাশে এই Linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. I went to meet the Principal. Unfortunately, I did not get him at his office.
b. I was missing. Luckily/ Fortunately, You found him in a park.
c. You walked fast. Unluckily, You missed the train.

Rule 42:

Description   Example
Whatever যা-ই হোক.: কোনো বিষয়/ বস্তুর পরিচয় অনিশ্চিত হলে তার পূর্বে এই Linker-টি ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Whatever I want, it must be legal.
b. Whatever his ambition is, it should be honest.
c. Whatever we want can never be met.

Rule 43:

Description   Example
In order to/ to উদ্দেশে.: যে কাজের উদ্দেশে কোনো কিছু করা হবে বা হয় বা হয়েছে, উদ্দেশ-প্রকাশক সেই Verb-এর আগে in order to/ to বসে। a. Karim went to market in order to buy a book.
b. Some people go abroad in order to enjoy better opportunities.
c. You came here in order to talk to us.

Rule 44:

Description   Example
So that/ in order that যাতে.: উদ্দেশ-প্রকাশক Sub-ordinate Clause-এর আগে এ ধরনের Linker ব্যবহার করে Principal Clause-এর সঙ্গে যুক্ত করা হয়। a. I am reading attentively so that I can get GPA-5.
b. Karim started his journey earlier so that he might reach his destination in time tomorrow.
c. Firoza sold her comb in order that she could buy a gift for her mother.

Rule 45:

Description   Example
That যে/ যা/ যেটা.: যে/ যা/ যেটা বুঝিয়ে এই Linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. They know that I am a freedom fighter.
b. That the woman is honest is known to all.
c. I know that you are a godfather.
d. It is said that honesty is the best policy.

Rule 46:

Description   Example
Whether/ whether … or কিনা.: নিশ্চিত নয়, এমন বিষয়, বস্তু, ঘটনা বা ব্যক্তির আগে এই Linker-টি ব্যবহূত হয়। a. I do not know whether she will come or not.
b. The man asked you whether you had completed the task.
c. You do not know whether you are honest or dishonest.

Rule 47:

Description   Example
Whenever যখনই হোক.: অনিশ্চিত সময়-প্রকাশক ঘটনা, কাজ বা কালের পূর্বে এই Linker-টি ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Whenever you need me, just make a phone call.
b. Inform him of the matter whenever he comes.

Rule 48:

Description   Example
Wherever যেখানেই হোক.: অনির্ধারিত বা অজ্ঞাত স্থানকে প্রকাশ করতে এই Linker-টি ব্যবহার করা হয়। a. Wherever they go for help, nobody helps them.
b. Wherever you go, I will always be with you.

Rule 49:

Description   Example
As/ since/ because/ because of/ for/ on account of/ due to/ owing to যেহেতু/ কারণে.: যেহেতু/ কারণে প্রকাশক Clause-এর পূর্বে এই Linker-গুলো ব্যবহূত হয়। a. I could not go out because of/ owing to the heavy rainfall.
b. As/ since the weather was rough, we canceled our journey.
c. Because of his hard labor and perseverance, Ismail Hossain succeeded in life.
d. I went to his house because/ as/ for I was invited.
e. I could not go to school on account of my illness.

Rule 50:

Description   Example
In any way/ any how/ by all means যেকোনোভাবে.: যে কোনভাবে/ যেকোনো উপায়ে কোনো কাজ করতে চাইলে বা করা হবে বা করা হয়েছে, এমন বোঝাতে এ ধরনের Linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. You are in problems now. I will help you anyhow.
b. We will make the program successful by any means/ by all means.
c. The problem is serious. In any way, we have to solve it.

Rule 51:

Description   Example
Enough to যথেষ্ট.: কোনো বৈশিষ্ট্যের পর্যাপ্ততা বা অপর্যাপ্ততার কারণে কোনো কাজ সংঘটিত হলে বা না হলে সেই কাজের Verb-টির আগে এই Linker-টি বসে। a. She was not meritorious enough to get GPA-5.
b. The girl is intelligent enough to understand the questions.
c. He is not strong enough to carry the load.

Rule 52:

Description   Example
Though/ although যদিও.: দুটি বিপরীতধর্মী Clause-কে যুক্ত করতে এই Linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. Though worked hard, I could not get GPA-5.
b. Though I am rich, I am not happy.
c. People could not catch the train although they hurried a bit.

Rule 53:

Description   Example
In spite of/ despite সত্ত্বেও.: একটি Sentence/ Clause-এর সঙ্গে অপর একটি বিপরীত ভাব প্রকাশ করা Pharase-কে যুক্ত করতে এ ধরনের Linker ব্যবহূত হয়।

a. In spite of his hard labour, Salim could not reached his goal.

b. He attended the meeting despite being sick.

c. In spite of his illness, he attended the meeting.

Rule 54:

Description   Example
Once/ once upon a time/ many days ago/ long long ago/ in ancient time/ in the past একদা, অনেক দিন আগে, অতীতে.: অনেক দিন আগে, অতীতে ঘটেছে এমন ঘটনা/ কাজ প্রকাশে এ ধরনের Linker ব্যবহূত হয়।

a. Once upon a time there was a powerful king in Bangladesh.

b. Once/ Once upon a time/ Many days ago/ Long long ago/ In ancient time there lived a king who was fond of knowing his future from astrologers.

c. In the past we had much but now we have very less.

Rule 55:

Description   Example
Yet তার পরেও.: বিপরীতধর্মী বা বিপরীত ভাব প্রকাশক কোনো কাজ, ঘটনা বা বৈশিষ্ট্য প্রকাশ করতে এই Linker ব্যবহূত হয়।

a. I hold him several times to complete the work. Yet, he did not do it.

b. Many things are changing now. Yet people are here still quite polite and friendly.

c. He is poor, yet he is happy.

Rule 56:

Description   Example
Yet তার পরেও.: বিপরীতধর্মী বা বিপরীত ভাব প্রকাশক কোনো কাজ, ঘটনা বা বৈশিষ্ট্য প্রকাশ করতে এই Linker ব্যবহূত হয়। a. He talks as if/ as though he were a great scholar.
b. They shouted as if they had seen a ghost. c. The sun is, as it were, the lamp of the universe. d. He talks as if/as though he were a mad.

Rule 57:

Description   Example
To the last/ till the end/ to a close শেষ পর্যন্ত.: শেষ পর্যন্ত যা করা হয়েছে বা হবে—এমন কাজ বা ঘটনা লেখার শেষে এ Linker-গুলো বসে। a. All the audience were present till the end. b. We fought to the last to save our country. c. He was present in the meeting till the end. d. The martyrs fought against the invading foreign army till the end/ to the last.
e. The function came to a close at six pm.

 

]]> https://learnhowenglish.com/using-sentence-connector/feed/ 0 Transformation of Sentence https://learnhowenglish.com/transformation-of-sentence/ https://learnhowenglish.com/transformation-of-sentence/#respond Wed, 20 May 2020 04:41:10 +0000 https://learnhowenglish.com/?p=294 Transformation of Sentence

সংজ্ঞাঃ অর্থের পরিবর্তন না ঘটিয়ে বা ঘটিয়ে এক প্রকার বাক্যকে অন্য বাক্যে রূপান্তরিত করাকেই Transformation of sentence বলীয়ে। 

Example:

Aff: I am a boy.

Neg: I am not a boy. 

Int: Am I a boy?

Comp.: Dina is wiser than Rina. 

Pos.: Rina is not so wise as Dina.

Sim. : I know his birthplace. 

Complex: I know where he was born.

 

যে কয়ভাবে Transformation of Sentence করা হয়

Transformation of Sentences to Example
Affirmative to Negative

Affirmative: Only he can play good cricket.
Negative: None but he can play good cricket.
Affirmative: Only science students can apply for the post.
Negative: None but the science students can apply for the post.
Assertive to Interrogative Assertive – He is in the school.
Interrogative – Isn’t he in the school?
Assertive – You can do the work.
Interrogative – Can’t you do the work?
Exclamatory to Assertive Exclamatory – What a nice flower it is!
Assertive – It is a very nice flower.
Exclamatory – What a genius student he is!
Assertive – He is a very genius student.
Assertive to Exclamatory Assertive – It is a very beautiful place.
Exclamatory – What a beautiful place it is!
Assertive – The man is very honest.
Exclamatory – How honest the man is!
Simple to Complex

Simple: Alex could not go to school due to his mother’s illness.
Complex: Alex could not go to school because his mother was ill.

Simple: He pleaded for his innocence.
Complex: He pleaded that he was innocent.  
Simple to Compound

Simple: Coming home she had lunch.

Compound: She came home and had lunch.

Simple: Going to the office I will write the article.

Compound: I will go to the office and will write the article.
Compound to Simple

Compound: I went there and met her.

Simple: Going there I met her.

Compound: She will go to the office and will do the work.

Simple: Going to the office she will do the work.
Compound to Complex

Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.

Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.

Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.

Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.
Complex to Simple

Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.

Simple: Being ill, I could not attend the meeting.

Complex: As I performed very well, I got the first prize.

Simple: Performing very well, I got the first prize.
Complex to Compound

Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.

Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.

Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.

Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.

Transformation of Sentences এর নিয়মাবলী বিস্তারিতভাবেঃ

Click করুন Table এর যেকোনোটিতে

Affirmative to Negative Assertive to Interrogative Exclamatory to Assertive
Assertive to Exclamatory Simple to Complex Simple to Compound
Compound to Simple Compound to Complex Complex to Simple
Complex to Compound

Transformation: Affirmative to Negative

]]> https://learnhowenglish.com/transformation-of-sentence/feed/ 0 21 February: Multiple Choice Question https://learnhowenglish.com/multiple-choice-question/ https://learnhowenglish.com/multiple-choice-question/#respond Sun, 17 May 2020 21:04:05 +0000 https://learnhowenglish.com/?p=290 Reading Passage and the answer multiple Choice Question: 

21 February is a memorable day in our national history. We observe the day every year as International Mother Language Day. The day is a national holiday. On this day, we pay tribute to the martyrs who laid down their lives to establish Bangla as a state language in undivided Pakistan in 1952. It is known as the Language Movement. The seed of the language Movement was sown on 21 March 1948 when Mohammad Ali Zinnah, the then Governor-General of Pakistan, at a public meeting in Dhaka declared that Urdu would be the only state language of Pakistan. the Declaration raised a storm of protest in the eastern part of the country. The protest continued non stop, gathering momentum day by day. It turned into a movement and reached its climax in 1952. The Government outlawed all sorts of public meetings and rallies to stop it. The students of Dhaka University defied the law and they brought out a peaceful protest procession on 21 February  1952. When the procession reached near Dhaka Medical College, the police opened fire on the students, killing Salam, Rafiq, Barkat, Safiur, and Jabbar. As a result, there were mass protests all over the country and the government had to declare Bengali too as a state language. This kindled the sparks of the independence movement of Bangladesh. 

  1. Choose the correct answer from the following alternatives.

(i) 21 February is a memorable day for all the Bangladeshis because this is the day when:

a) Urdu was declared as the only state language of Pakistan.

b) We pay tribute to the martyrs of the Liberation War.

c) some great people laid down their lives to establish Bangla as a state language. 

d) students protested against Mohammad Ali Zinnah’s declaration. 

(ii) The seed of the Language Movement was sown by:

a) Salam b) martyrs c) Zinnah d) students 

(iii) The phrase “storm of protest” means: 

a) Mild protest b) strong protest c) moderate protest d) symbolic protest 

(iv) The gap between the beginning and the climax of the Language Movement 

a) 2 years b) 3 years c) 4 years d) 5 years  

(v) The greatest outcome of Language Movement is: 

a) Status of Bangla as a state language

b) independence of Bangladesh

c) International Mother language day

d) mass protest all over the country 

(vi) Salam and Barkat were the citizens of 

a) Bangladesh b) Nepal c) India d) Pakistan  

(vii) Pakistan Government declared Bangla as a state language because they were  

a) compelled to do that b) requested to do that c) urged to do that d) advised to do that  

2. Answer the following questions:

a) Why is 21 February a national holiday?

b) What is “undivided Pakistan”?

c) Why did the Pakistani government outlaw meetings and rallies in 1952?

d) Why did police kill Salam, Rafiq, Barkat, Saifur and Jabbar? 

e) How is Language Movement related to the Independence of Bangladesh?

]]> https://learnhowenglish.com/multiple-choice-question/feed/ 0 Changing Narration https://learnhowenglish.com/narration/ https://learnhowenglish.com/narration/#respond Sun, 17 May 2020 15:35:09 +0000 https://learnhowenglish.com/?p=198

Narration কাকে বলে? কত প্রকার ও কি কি?

একজন বক্তার বক্তব্য ব্যক্ত করার উপায়কে narration বলে।

The way of reporting the speech of a speaker is called narration. 

একজন বক্তার বক্তব্য প্রধাণত: দুই উপায়ে ব্যক্ত হয়ে থাকে:

  • Direct Speech
  • Indirect Speech (Sometimes called Reported Speech)

Direct Speech:

Direct speech হল বক্তার দ্বারা বলা হুবহু বক্তব্য যা quotation mark বা উদ্ধৃতি চিহ্নের মধ্যে থাকে।

Direct speech is the exact speech said by the speaker which is put within quotation marks.

Example:

  • He said to his friend, “I like sweets very much.”

Direct speech এর মধ্যে দুটি অংশ থাকে:

  • Reporting Speech and
  • Reported Speech

একটি comma (,) এবং দুটি inverted comma (““) এই অংশ দুটিকে একে অপর থেকে পৃথক করে।

I. Reporting Speech:

Reporting speech হল inverted comma-র বাইরের অংশ অর্থাৎ comma-র আগের অংশ। এখানে দুটি পক্ষ জড়িত থাকে, বক্তা এবং সে যাকে বলছে।

উপরের উদাহরণে, He said to his friend, হল reporting speech.

Reporting speech is the part which is outside the inverted commas, i.e., the part before the comma. It involves two parties the reporter and to whom s/he is reporting.

II. Reported Speech:

Reported Speech হল inverted comma-র মধ্যেকার অংশ।

Reported Speech is the part which is within the inverted commas.

উপরের উদাহরণে, “I like sweets very much.”-হল reported speech।

Indirect Speech:

Indirect speech, যা reported speech নামেও পরিচিত, তা হল বক্তার বক্তব্যের সারাংশ যা অন্য কেউ ব্যক্ত করে।

Indirect speech, also known as reported speech, is the substance of the speaker’s speech given by someone else.

Example:

ধরুন উপরের উদাহরণের indirect speech।

  • He told his friend that he liked sweets very much.

Indirect speech or reported speech-এ নিম্নোক্ত বিষয়গুলো লক্ষ করা যায়:

  • কোন inverted comma ব্যবহৃত হয়না, reporting speech এবং reported speech একে অপরের সাথে conjunction যেমন: ‘that’, ‘if’, or ‘whether’ প্রভৃতি দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে।
    No inverted commas are used, reporting speech and reported speech are joined with each other by conjunctions like ‘that’, ‘if’, or ‘whether’ etc.
  • Reporting speech এবং reported speech এর মাঝে কোন comma থাকেনা। 
    Reporting speech and reported speech have no comma between them.
  • Full stop বা Period sign ব্যবহৃত হয় প্রশ্নবোধক বা বিস্ময়বোধক চিহ্নের পরিবর্তে।
  • Reporting speech-এর tense আগের মতই থাকবে।
    The tense of reporting speech is the same as before.
  • Interrogative, exclamatory, operative এবং imperative sentence-কে assertive sentence-এ পরিণত করা হয়।
    Interrogative, exclamatory, operative and imperative sentences are converted to the assertive sentence.
  • Reported speech-এর tense, reporting speech-এর tense-কে অনুসরণ করে।
    Tense of reported speech follows the tense of reporting speech.
  • Reporting verb, reported speech অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়। উপরের উদাহরণে, told একটি reporting verb এবং liked একটি reported verb। Sentence-এর ধরন অনুযায়ী বিভিন্ন ধরনের reporting verb ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন: asked, offered, promised প্রভৃতি।
    Reporting verb is changed according to the reported speech. In the above example, told is a reporting verb and liked is a reported verb. Different reporting verbs are used on the basis of the type of sentence. Such as, asked, offered, promised, etc.
  • Reported speech-এর pronoun SON নামের একটি নিয়মে পরিবর্তিত হয়, যেখানে, S=Subject, O=Object এবং N=No change। এই নিয়ম অনুযায়ী, first person, reporting verb-এর subject হিসেবে পরিবর্তিত হয়; second person, reporting verb-এর object হিসেবে পরিবর্তিত হয় এবং third person-এর ক্ষেত্রে কোন পরিবর্তন হয়না।
    The pronoun of reported speech is changed according to a rule called SON where, S=Subject, O=Object and N=No change. According to this rule, the first person is changed to the subject of reporting verb; the second person is changed to the object of reporting verb, and in case of the third person, there is no change.
  • Direct speech-এর adverb-গুলোর পরিবর্তন করা হয়।
    The adverbs of the direct speech are changed.

Passage narration লেখার সময় কিছু নির্দিষ্ট নিয়ম অনুসরণ করা হয়। সব নিয়মগুলো নিচে উদাহরণসহ বর্ণিত হল:

Some certain rules are followed while writing passage narration. All the rules are discussed with examples below:

Rule 1:

Description   Example

প্রথমে, সম্পূর্ণ passage টি পড়ে বক্তা এবং শ্রোতাকে চিহ্নিত করতে হবে। তারপর তাদের উক্তিগুলোর ক্রিয়ার ধরন বুঝতে হবে।
  • “Will you come with me?”, said Pria to Ria. “I will come.” Said Ria. (Direct)
  • Pria asked Ria if she would come with her. Ria replied that she would come. (Indirect)

Rule 2:

Description   Example

যখন reporting verb sentence-এর মাঝে বা শেষে থাকে তবে একে Indirect করতে তাকে sentence-এর শুরুতে subject-এর পরে বসাতে হবে।
  • “Where do you live?”, said Tina. “I live at Dhanmondi.”, said Rina. (Direct)
  • Tina asked Rina where she lived. Rina replied that she lived at Dhanmondi. (Indirect)

Rule 3:

Description   Example

Passage-এ যদি বক্তা একের অধিক উক্তি ব্যবহার করে তবে প্রথম উক্তি উল্লেখ করার পর, পরবর্তী উক্তিগুলো উল্লেখ করার সময় নিম্নোক্ত নিয়মগুলো অনুসরণ করা হয়:

i. Assertive sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে: also said/again said, added/further added, প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করা হয়।

In case of Assertive sentences: also said/again said, added/further added, etc. are used.

ii. Interrogative sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে: also asked/again asked/ further asked, প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করা হয়।

In case of Interrogative sentences: also asked/again asked/ further asked, etc. are used.

iii. Imperative sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে: and ordered to/ and requested, প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করা হয়।

In case of Imperative sentences: and ordered to/ and requested, etc. are used.

iv. Optative sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে: and wished/and prayed that, প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করা হয়।

In case of Optative sentences: and wished/and prayed that, etc. are used.

v. Exclamatory sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে: and exclaimed with happiness/ joy that/in grief that, প্রভৃতি ব্যবহার করা হয়।

In case of Exclamatory sentences: and exclaimed with happiness/ joy that/in grief that, etc. are used.
  • “I will help you to solve this problem. I am responsible for it.” The boy said. “Why did you do it? Do you have time for it? You are leaving Dhaka this evening.” I said. (Direct)
  • The boy told me that he would solve this problem. He added that he was responsible for it. I asked him the reason for doing it. I also asked if he had time for it. I added that he was leaving Dhaka that evening. (Indirect)

Rule 4:

Description   Example

যদি reported speech-এ শুধু “Yes”থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the affirmative বা Subject+ Auxilliary Verb ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং reported speech-এ “Yes”-এর পর আরও বক্তব্য থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the affirmative and said that ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  • I said to him, “Have you done the math?”. “Yes. I have also done another one.” He said. (Direct)
  • I asked him if he had done the math. He replied in the affirmative. Or, he said that he had. And he said that he had also done another one. (Indirect)

Rule 5:

Description   Example

যদি reported speech-এ শুধু “No” থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the negative বা Subject+ Auxilliary Verb+ not ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং reported speech-এ “No” এর পর আরও বক্তব্য থাকে তবে Subject+ replied in the negative and said that ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  • I said to him, “Have you done the math?”. “No. I will do it later.” He said. (Direct)
  • I asked him if he had done the math. He replied in the negative. Or, he said that he had not. And he said that he would do it later. (Indirect)

Rule 6:

Description   Example

যখন direct speech-এ “Sir” থাকে, indirect speech “Sir” এর পরিবর্তে with respect/respectfully/ politely ব্যবহার করবে।
  • The student said to the teacher,” Sir, will you teach me the math?” (Direct)
  • The student asked the teacher respectfully if he would teach him the math. / The student respectfully asked the teacher if he would teach him the math. (Indirect)

Rule 7:

Description   Example

যদি direct speech-এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করা হয় তবে indirect speech-এ addressing as ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  • “Are you okay, Tonni?” said Piu. (Direct)
  • Addressing as Tonni, Piu asked if she was okay. (Indirect)

Rule 8:

Description   Example

যদি inverted comma-র বাইরে reporting speech-এ “ask” থাকে, তবে তা indirect speech-এ subject-এর পরে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
  • “Are you coming?” asked Rina looking at me. “You may join me when I ” Rina said. (Direct)
  • Looking at me, Rina asked If I was going. She suggested me to join her when she would go. (Indirect)

Rule 9:

Description   Example

যখন reported speech-এ একটি assertive sentence-এর পর note of interrogation (?) থাকে, indirect speech-এ reporting verb-এর আগে “being surprised” ব্যবহার করা হয়।
  • He said to me, “You did it?” (Direct)
  • Being surprised he asked me if I had done it. (Indirect)

Rule 10:

Description   Example

যখন reported speech-এ “Thank” থাকে, তখন indirect speech, reported verb’s subject+ thanked+ reported verb’s object ব্যবহার করে।
  • Karim said to me, “Thank you.” (Direct)
  • Karim thanked me. (Indirect)

Rule 11:

Description   Example

যদি reported speech-এ “Goodbye” থাকে তবে indirect speech, reported verb’s subject+ bade+ reported verb’s object+ goodbye ব্যবহার করবে।
  • She said Lira, “Goodbye.” (Direct)
  • She bade Lira goodbye. (Indirect)

Rule 12:

Description   Example

যদি reported speech-এ good night/good morning/ good evening থাকে তবে indirect speech, reported verb’s subject+ wished+ reported verb’s object+ good night/good morning/ good evening ব্যবহার করবে।
  • He said to her, “Good evening.” (Direct)
  • He wished her good evening. (Indirect)

Rule 13:

Description   Example

কোন কোনসময় reported speech-এ সম্পূর্ণ sentence থাকেনা, সেসব ক্ষেত্রে আপনাকে indirect speech-এ বক্তার বক্তব্য অনুসরণ করে পূর্ণাঙ্গ অর্থ খুঁজে নিতে হবে।
  • “Thirty taka” The salesman said to me. (Direct)
  • The salesman told me it had been thirty taka (Indirect)

Rule 14:

Description   Example

প্রায়ই reported speech-এ বক্তা ও শ্রোতার উল্লেখ থাকে না, এসব ক্ষেত্রে আপনাকে একে indirect speech-এ রূপান্তরিত করতে বক্তার ক্ষেত্রে the speaker এবং শ্রোতার ক্ষেত্রে the listener উল্লেখ করতে হবে।
  • “What are you doing now?” “I am writing an article.” (Direct)
  • The speaker asked the listener what he was doing then. The listener replied that s/he was writing an article. (Indirect)

Rule 15:

Description   Example

যদি reported speech-এ asked/ cried/replied/muttered থাকে তবে indirect speech-এ reporting verb-এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবেনা।
  • “Help me.” He cried. (Direct)
  • He cried to help him. (Indirect)
]]> https://learnhowenglish.com/narration/feed/ 0 Completing Sentences https://learnhowenglish.com/completing-sentences/ https://learnhowenglish.com/completing-sentences/#respond Sun, 10 May 2020 16:02:57 +0000 https://learnhowenglish.com/?p=193 Completing Sentences 

Rule 1: Too……..to

Structure:  Subject + Verb + too + adj/adv + to + verb + …………..

Description   Example
Too…..to দ্বারা incomplete sentence কে complete করার নিয়মঃ Incomplete sentence এ adjective/ adverb এর পূর্বে too থাকলে উক্ত Incomplete sentence এর শেষে to + সঙ্গতিপূর্ণ verb + অর্থবহ শব্দ/শব্দসমষ্টি দ্বারা sentence টিকে সম্পূর্ণ করতে হয়। 

The man is too old……

Ans: The man is too old to work. 

He is too dishonest ………..

Ans: He is too dishonest to speak the truth.

Rule 2: So……that 

Structure:  Subject + Verb + so+ adj/adv + that + subject + verb+ …………

Description   Example
এ ক্ষেত্রে incomplete sentence টিতে so এর পরে adjective/ adverb থাকলে তার পর that+subject+cannot/could not +একটি সঙ্গতিপূর্ণ verb+ ……..দ্বারা Sentence পূর্ণ করতে হয়।

The man was so ill………..

Ans: The man was so ill that he could not move an inch. 

The sailors’ throats were so dry………..

Ans: The sailors’ throats were so dry that they could not speak a single world. 

Rule 3: So that 

Structure:  Subject +verb+…….+so that +১ম Subject+  may/can or might/could + verb+ …………

Description   Example

Incomplete sentence এর শেষে so that থাকলে তার পর প্রথম subject + may/can or might/could + অর্থপূর্ণ verb+ …….

এ ক্ষেত্রে ১ম clause টি present tense হলে may/can বসে। আর past tense হলে might/could বসে।

তবে ২য় clause টিতে Negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে হলে may not/might not/cannot/could not ব্যবহার করতে হয়।  

The boy reads more so that ……………

Ans: The boy reads more so that he can make a good result. 

I closed the door of my room so that …………..

Ans: I closed the door of my room so that he might not enter the room. 

Rule 4: In order that 

Structure: Subject +verb+…….+in order that +১ম Subject+  may/can or might/could + verb+ …………

Description   Example

So that এর মত In order that এর অর্থ যাতে বা যেন। সুতরাং এ ক্ষেত্রেও নিয়মটি so that এর মত। 

Della went to a hairshop in order that …………………

Ans: Della went to a hairshop in order that she could sell her hair. 

He saved some money in order that………….

Ans: He saved some money in order that he could by some books.  

Rule 5: Provided /Provided that/Providing that 

Structure:  Subject +verb+…….+Provided /Provided that/Providing that +Subject+verb+ …………

Description   Example

Provided/Provided that/Providing that এর অর্থ যদি এবং তা if এর ন্যায় অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। এ ক্ষেত্রে incomplete sentence এর শেষে Provided/Provided that/Providing that থাকলে তার পর এমন একটি sentence যোগ করতে হয় যা প্রথম sentence টির সাথে সঙ্গতিপূর্ণ এবং তার দ্বারা “যদি” অর্থটি প্রকাশ পায়। 

The plan will take off in time provided………….

Ans: The plan will take off in time provided the weather is good. 

He will shine in life provided that ………….

Ans: He will shine in life provided that  he works hard. 

Rule 6: Lest 

Structure:  Subject +verb+…….+Lest+১ম Subject+should/ might+verb+ …………

Description   Example

Lest এর অর্থ “পাছে ভয় হয় যে” (for fear that). Lest negative অর্থ প্রদান করে । অতএব Lest দ্বারা যে clause আরম্ভ হয় তাতে no বা not বসে না। এটি দ্বারা যে clause শুরু হয় তার পরে should/ might বসে।    

He ran away lest …………..

Ans: He ran away he might be seen. 

Read diligently lest …………….

Ans: Read diligently lest you should fail in the examination.  

Rule 7: Unless 

Structure:  Subject +verb+…….+Lest+১ম Subject+should/ might+verb+ …………

Description   Example

Unless অর্থ if ……..not (যদি না)। তাই Unless দ্বারা যে clause শুরু হয় সে clause এ “not” ব্যাবহার করা হয় না। Unless যুক্ত incomplete sentence কে complete করতে হলে প্রদত্ত incomplete sentence টি বসে + এর সাথে সঙ্গতিপূর্ণ একটি পূর্ণ sentence  যোগ করতে হয়। 

Unless you read attentively…………….

Ans: Unless you read attentively you will fail. 

Come at 8 o’clock unless……………

Ans: Come at 8 o’clock unless he works hard. 

Rule 8: Until / Till 

Structure:  Subject+Verb+…….+Until/Till+Subject+Verb (affirmative)

Description   Example

Until/Till যুক্ত  incomplete sentence এর সাথে একটি full sentence যোগ করে প্রদত্ত incomplete sentence টিকে complete করতে হয়। Until/Till এর পরের অংশটি Affirmative হয়। 

Wait until……

Ans: Wait until the rain stops.

Rajib’s Mother will be nursing him till ……..

Ans: Rajib’s Mother will be nursing him till he comes around.

Rule 9: As long as 

Structure: Subject+Verb+…….+as long as+Subject+Verb……

Description   Example

As long as যুক্ত  incomplete sentence এর সাথে একটি full sentence যোগ করে প্রদত্ত incomplete sentence টিকে complete করতে হয়। 

Wait here as long as …………..

Ans: Wait here as long as it rains. 

Allah will be with us as long as ……..

Ans: Allah will be with us as long as our aim is honest. 

Rule 10: Though, although, since, because, if, as 

Structure:  Though/Since/If+Subject +verb+……., Subject+verb+ …………

Structure: Subject +verb+……., although/since/if /as+Subject+verb+ …………

Description   Example

Though, although, since, because, if, as যুক্ত  incomplete sentence এর সাথে একটি full sentence যোগ করে প্রদত্ত incomplete sentence টিকে complete করতে হয়। 

Though he is poor …………..

Ans: Though he is poor, he is large hearted. 

He could not catch the bus ……..

Ans: He could not catch the bus although he ran fast.

Since body and mind go together…………… 

Ans: Since body and mind go together, illness of one inevitably affects the other. 

Crops did not grow well since………………..

Ans: Crops did not grow well since there was drought. 

Everybody admires him because……………….

Ans: Everybody admires him because he is honest.

If he comes…………..

Ans: If he comes, I shall go. 

She will not go out if………..

Ans: She will not go out if it rains. 

He was rewarded as …………………

Ans: He was rewarded as he was truthful. 

As he behaved rough ………………..

Ans: As he behaved rough he was punished. 

Rule 11: In spite of/ Despite 

Structure: In spite of / Despite + ………………+Subject+Verb+……

Description   Example

In spite of/despite এর অর্থ সত্তেও এ জাতীয় শব্দ দ্বারা simple sentence গঠিত হয়। incomplete sentence এ In spite of/despite থাকলে এদের বিপরীত অর্থবোধক sentence দ্বারা প্রদত্ত incomplete sentence টি complete করতে হয়। এক্ষেত্রে complete অংশের সাথে Subject+verb+…………..বসে। 

In spite of his poverty ……………

Ans: In spite of his poverty, he is honest. 

Despite hos good qualification ……..

Ans: Despite hos good qualification, he did not get suitable job. 

Rule 12: Instead of / In lieu of  

Structure: Instead of / In lieu of + ………………+Subject+Verb+……

Structure: Subject+Verb+……+In lieu of+……………….

Description   Example

Instead of / In lieu of এর অর্থ ‘পরিবর্তে’। এ জাতীয় Phrase simple sentence এ ব্যবহৃত হয়। একটি জিনিস বা বিষয়ের পরিবর্তে অন্যটি নেওয়া বা পছন্দ বুজাতে এ Phrase দুটি  ব্যবহৃত হয়। 

Instead of  ……………

Ans: Instead of history he took logic. 

The boy bought pens instead   ……..

Ans: The boy bought pens instead of pencils. 

He ate fish in lieu of ………………

Ans: He ate fish in lieu of meat. 

Rule 13: Because of, on account of, owing to, due to  

Structure: Subject+Verb+……+because of +…………..

Structure: ……+due to+……………….

Description   Example

Because of, an account of, owing to, due to এই Phrase গুলির অর্থ ‘কারনে’ বা ‘জন্নে। এ জাতীয় Phrase simple sentence এ ব্যবহৃত হয়। উক্ত  Phrase গুলি দ্বারা গঠিত incomplete sentence complete করার সময় Subject+ Verb+…………..ব্যবহার করতে হয়। 

Everybody loves him because of his……………………

Ans: Everybody loves him because of his honesty.  

On account of his illness   ……..

Ans: On account of his illness he could not attend the class. 

……………… due to fog. 

Ans: The writer dared not drive at night due to fog. 

Rule 14: Would rather/Sooner…………than 

Structure: Subject+would rather + verb এর present form  ……+than+verb/noun

Description   Example

Would rather/would sooner  এর অর্থ বরং। Would rather/would sooner একই অর্থ বহন করে তবে Would rather এর ব্যবহার বেশি। Would rather/would sooner যুক্ত sentence এ than ব্যবহার হয়। 

I would rather die……………………

Ans: I would rather die than beg.  

He would rather drink tea …………..

Ans: He would rather drink tea than coffee. 

Rule 15: Had better 

Structure: Subject+had better + verb এর base form+

Description   Example

Had better এর অর্থ তবুও / বরং ভাল। Had better যুক্ত Sentence past tense এর হলেও তা মুলতঃ past tense নয়। Had better – unreal past এটি present / future tense এর অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। Had better এর পর infinitive to বসে না। সর্বদা verb এর base form বসে। 

I had better ……………………

Ans: I had better ring him at once.  

You had better  …………..

Ans: You had better leave the palace.

He had better …………..

Ans: He had better go home.  

Rule 16: No sooner had……..than, scarcely had ……..when, hardly had………when  

Structure: No sooner had+Past perfect tense+than+past indefinite tense

Description   Example

No sooner had……..than, scarcely had ……..when, hardly had………when  এ জাতীয় Structure দ্বারা “যেতে ……না যেতে” ” খেতে ……না খেতে”  “পৌছাতে ………না পৌছাতে” ইত্যাদি অর্থ প্রকাশ পায়। উপরের Structure গুলির when ও than  এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত past perfect tense এবং when ও than এর পরের অংশ past indefinite tense হয়।

No sooner had I gone out………

Ans: No sooner had I gone out than he came.  

Scarcely had we reached the station…………..

Ans: Scarcely had we reached the station when the train left.

Hardly had he reached the college …………..

Ans: Hardly had he reached the college when the examination began.  

Rule 17: It is time

Structure: It is time………………….

Description   Example
  1. কোণ কাজ করার সঠিক সময় হয়েছে বুজাতে It is time+Infinitive + ………..বসে। অথবা It is time for +object+ infinitive +………বসে। 
  2. কোণ কাজ করার সঠিক সময় পার হয়ে গেছে। সুতরাং আর বিলম্ব না করে কাজটি এ মুহূর্তেই শুরু করা উচিত বুজানোর জন্য It is time ব্যবহার হয়। 

It is time to ………

Ans: It is time to start the work.  

It is time for …………..

Ans: It is time for us to attack the enemy. 

It is time we …………..

Ans: It is time we went home.  

Rule 18: It is time

Structure: It is time………………….

Description   Example
  1. কোণ কাজ করার সঠিক সময় হয়েছে বুজাতে It is time+Infinitive + ………..বসে। অথবা It is time for +object+ infinitive +………বসে। 
  2. কোণ কাজ করার সঠিক সময় পার হয়ে গেছে। সুতরাং আর বিলম্ব না করে কাজটি এ মুহূর্তেই শুরু করা উচিত বুজানোর জন্য It is time ব্যবহার হয়। 

It is time to ………

Ans: It is time to start the work.  

It is time for …………..

Ans: It is time for us to attack the enemy. 

It is time we …………..

Ans: It is time we went home.  

 

]]> https://learnhowenglish.com/completing-sentences/feed/ 0 Capitalization https://learnhowenglish.com/capitalization/ https://learnhowenglish.com/capitalization/#respond Tue, 05 May 2020 11:15:09 +0000 https://learnhowenglish.com/?p=178 Capital Letter ব্যবহারের নিয়ম
SL Rules Example
1.  প্রত্যেক sentence-এর প্রথম word টি Capital letter হয়। The rich are not always happy.
2. ইংরেজী কবিতার প্রতি লাইনের প্রথম অক্ষর Capital letter হয়।

Early to bed and early rise.

Makes a man healthy.

Wealthy and wise.
3. Proper noun এবং Proper adjective-এর প্রথম অক্ষরটি Capital letter হয়।

I met Faysal yesterday.
4. ধর্ম গ্রন্থ বা পুসিত্মকার নামের প্রথম অক্ষরটি Capital letter হয়।

The Quran, The Bible, The Observer.
5. বার, মাস, পর্ব ও বিখ্যাত ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনার প্রথম অক্ষরটি Capital letter হয়।

My father came home on Monday last.

Our Annual Examination will be held on next November.

The Battle of Palassey took place in 1757 A. D.
6. Pronoun ‘I’ (আমি অর্থে) সর্বদাই Capital letter হয়।

If he wants, I shall help him.
7. ব্যবসায়, শিক্ষা প্রতিষ্ঠান, উপাসনালয়, সমিতি ও দলের নামের প্রত্যেক word-এর প্রথম অক্ষর Capital letter হয়।

Fatikchari Coronation Model High School.
8. জাহাজ, বিমান, ট্রেন, বিখ্যাত স্থানের নামের প্রথম অক্ষরটি Capital letter হয়।

The Titanic, The Tajmahal.
9. জাতি, ধর্ম, সম্প্রদায়ের নামের প্রথম অক্ষরটি Capital letter হয়।

The Muslim, The Christian, The Sunni.
10. আলস্নাহর নাম ও তার পরিবর্তে ব্যবহৃত pronoun-এর প্রথম অক্ষরটি Capital letter হয়।

The old sailor prayed to Allah and He blessed him.
11. চিঠিপত্রের সম্বোধন করতে Capital letter হয়।

My dear Mother / Dear Sir.
12. পত্রিকার নামের প্রথম অক্ষরটি Capital letter হয়।

Faysal reads the Daily Star regularly.
13. যে কোনো নামের সংক্ষিপ্তরুপের প্রতিটি অক্ষর Capital letter হয়।

United Kingdom = UK

Master of Arts = MA
14. ভাষার নামের প্রথম অক্ষরটি Capital letter হয়।

Bengali, English, Urdu, Arabic.
15. Direct narration-এ reported speech-এর প্রথম অক্ষরটি Capital letter হয়।

The teacher said, “You should obey your parents.”

 

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